



Class _TW n 
Book' r _ 
Copyright N°_ 

COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT. 


. 










FIELD BOOK OF 

PRACTICAL MINERALOGY 


How to Examine and 
Report on Mines 


Designed for the Use of Prospectors, Mining 
Men, Engineers and Others 


6 


6,0 




y 


BY 


G. W. MILLER, E. M., C. E. 



))))))> ) ) 


FIRST THOUSAND EDITION 



DENVER, COLORADO 
PUBLISHERS PRESS ROOM CO. 
1441 Curtis Street 
1901 


T 




THE LIBRARY OF 
CONGRESS, 
Two Copies Received 

JUN. 17 1901 


Copyright entry 

f y, 0 / 

CLASS CcXXa N», 


COPY B. 


Copyright Applied for by 
The Publishers Press Room Company 
Denver, Colorado 
1901. 


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PREFACE. 


The publication of this little volume is the result 
of a long cherished plan; although not as complete in 
its discussion of the subject of ore deposits, the exam¬ 
ination of mines, assaying, etc., as were the author’s orig¬ 
inal intentions, these omissions are thought to have been 
compensated for in part by giving more space to the 
subjects of determinative mineralogy and blow-pipe 
analysis. In the composition and compilation of the 
subject matter herein contained, all due precautions 
have been observed in order to render the information 
perfectly reliable and trustworthj^, and to this end all 
descriptions of minerals appearing in the tables were 
carefully compared with those given in the following 
named standard works on the subject of mineralogy; 
System of Mineralogy, by E S Dana; Determinative 
Mineralogy and Blowpipe Analysis, by Brush & Penfield. 
Other valuable authorities consulted are: Ore Deposits, 
by J. A. Phillips; Ore Deposits of the United States and 
Canada, by J. F. Kemp, and A Manual of Practical As¬ 
saying, by H. V. F. Furman. The names of all authori¬ 
ties consulted are mentioned in the foot notes. 

Where inadvertently omissions have occurred and 
due credit has not been given, the author would esteem 
it a favor to have his attention called to the neglect. He 
would also be pleased to receive criticisms on the work 
so that he may be able to take advantage of them should 
a future edition be called for. It will be observed that 
in order to render the information of this little book 



6 . 


more compendious and comprehensive for the benefit of 
the general reader, the usual plan of the more elabor¬ 
ated scientific text books could not be followed, and it 
would seem that with this and the aim of the 
little work fully understood, no other apology for its ap¬ 
pearance in the present simple form is necessary. 
It will be further observed that (the design and object 
of) this little work is intended for the benefit of practical 
mining engineers, mineralogists, prospectors, mining 
men, etc., who feel the want of a ready reference field 
compendium of mining and mineralogical information, 
and who have not the time to grapple with theories or 
complicated formulas. The work is divided into four 
parts: 

Part I treats briefly of the subject of Ore Deposits. 
These are illustrated by nine wood cuts, showing the 
more typical classes of mineral veins, and other classes 
of ore deposits, and they are intended to aid the young 
miner in making the proper classification of all forms of 
ore deposits coming under his observation. 

The several Theories, claiming to account for the 
filling of metalliferous veins are briefly given; then four 
graphic illustrations of Faults, with rules for finding 
the faulted portion of veins, are fully discussed; or at 
least it is believed that enough has been said to give the 
novice the correct idea of how to proceed in finding the 
vein should he meet with similar problems in practice. 

Under the title “The Examination of Mines,” after 
briefly defining the object of mining examination, the 
method of sampling and estimating the ore in sight is 
illustrated by drawings, and it is believed that this with 
other hints and instructions given on this subject will 
render the undertaking of making a mining examina¬ 
tion quite easy, even in the hands of the young miner. 


7 . 


“The Form of a Mining Report” next following is one 
universal in its application. It is a form extensively 
used by mining engineers, and may be modified so as to 
suit any particular case. 

Part II gives the method and formulae for assay¬ 
ing Gold, Silver, Lead and Copper ores. Methods for 
making Laboratory Tests of gold and silver ores, by the 
Cyanide, Chlorination and Amalgamation processes are 
described. Then follows the subject of Blowpipe Analy¬ 
sis with a full descriptive list of blowpipe tests of the 
more common metallic substances and minerals met 
with. 

Part III is devoted wholly to the subject of “De¬ 
terminative Mineralogy.” After discussing the physi¬ 
cal properties of minerals and giving all necessary rules 
for their determination, the Analytical Tables of min¬ 
erals are given. 

The system of grouping minerals according to the 
most prominent metal or element entering into their 
composition has. been adapted. Upwards of 345 of the 
more common and useful minerals are described, and in 
such a way as to admit of identification wherever met 
with in nature. The design of these tables is (in part) 
original with the author, and the plates front which they 
were made were prepared at a considerable cost by 
the skilled engraver, Mr. Selig Olcovich of Denver, Colo. 
One peculiar feature of these tables is that the plate 
containing the names of the minerals and their analyti¬ 
cal description is made to fit the single page of the book 
and both sides of all pages are utilized. In the col¬ 
umns of each page is given, first, the names of the min¬ 
erals; in the second column, their chemical composi¬ 
tion (not in formulae; but the names of all metals and 
elements are written out with the percentage of each ele- 


8 . 


ment when known); in the third, lustre; fourth, color; 
fifth, hardness; sixth, streak; seventh, fracture and 
cleavage; eighth, tenacity; ninth, crystalline system; 
tenth, fusibility, and eleventh, specific gravity. It will 
he seen at once that with these properties known, the 
identification of any mineral described is made quite cer¬ 
tain. 

Part IV treats on the subject of “Naming Rocks.” 
The more common rocks only are described and in such a 
way as in most cases to admit of at least approximate 
identification when met with. A Glossary of Mining 
Terms forms the next subject, then follows an arrange¬ 
ment of mineral collections, models, assay and blowpipe 
outfits. This concludes the work. 

G. W. Miller, Butte, Mont., May 1st, 1901. 


INDEX TO SUBJECTS. 


PART I. PAGE 

Ore Deposits. 13 

Faults....:. 20 

Theories of Vein Filling. 24 

Examination of Mines. 25 

Mining Report. 30 

PART II. 

Notes on Assaying. 37 

Gold and Silver Assaying. 37 

Dead Assaying. 38 

Copper Assaying. 39 

Laboratory Tests of Gold and Silver Ores. 42 

Cyanide Process. 43 

Chlorination Process. 45 

Amalgamation Process. 45 

Blowpipe Analysis of Minerals. 46 

Blowpipe Operations. 48 

Qualitative Tests. 54 

PART III. 

Determinative Mineralogy. 85 

Physical Properties of Minerals. 86 

Introduction to Analytical Tables of Minerals.. 93 

Analytical Tables of Minerals—Division I. 95 

Gold Telluride Minerals. 96 

Silver Minerals. 97 

Copper Minerals. 100 

Lead Minerals. 103 

Zinc Minerals. 107 

Cobalt and Nickel Minerals. 108 

Mercury Minerals. 110 

Iron Minerals. Ill 

Manganese Minerals. 113 































Cadmium, Tin and Titanium Minerals. 114 

Uranium and Tungsten Minerals. 114 

Cerium, Yttrium, Erbium, Lanthanum and 

Didymium Minerals. 116 

Aluminium Minerals. 117 

Magnesium Minerals. 120 

Calcium Minerals. 120 

Barium, Strontium, Potassium, Sodium and 

Ammonium Minerals. 122 

Sulphur, Tellurium, Boron and Molybdenum .. 124 

Arsenic, Antimony, Bismuth and Carbon. 124 

Hydrocarbon Minerals. 126 

Mineral Coal. 126 

Silica and the Silicates—Division II. 128 

Silica or Quartz. 129 

Bisilicates. 131 

Unisilicates. 183 

Scapolite Group. 135 

Feldspar Group. 136 

Mica Group. 137 

Subsilicates . 138 

Hydrous Subsilicates—Chlorite Group. 140 

Hydrous Silicates—Zeolite Group. 142 

Hydrous Silicates . 143 

PART IV. 

Naming Rocks. 149 

Unstratified, Metamorphic and Eruptive Rocks. 150 

Stratified, Sedimentary or Aqueous Rocks. 157 

Glossary of Mining Terms. 162 

Collection of Minerals, Models, Assay and 

Blowpipe Outfits. 182 

Index to Minerals. 187. 




























PART I. 


Examination of Mines* 




PART I. 


ORE DEPOSITS. 

CLASSIFICATION. 

Ore Deposits, in all their various forms of occur¬ 
rence in nature, may be briefly defined as being metalli¬ 
ferous aggregations occupying receptacles (made con¬ 
temporaneous with, or previous to, the time of deposi¬ 
tion) in the earth's crust. 

The class to which the several forms belong will 
depend upon the mode of filling, the nature of the ore 
mass itself, the kind of cavity or receptacle containing 
the ore, and the position and relation of the ore deposit 
to the enclosing country rocks. 

To sum up the several classes as they are exhibited 
in nature and revealed by extensive excavations in the 
many mining districts throughout the globe, the follow¬ 
ing classification seems proper: 

I. Stratified Veins, or Beds. 

II. Contact Veins. 

III. True Fissure Veins. 

TV. Segregation Veins or Deposits. 

V. Massive or Chamber Deposits. 

VI. Gash Veins. 

VII. Inpregnation Deposits. 

VIII. Stockwork Deposits. 

IX. Fahlband Deposits. 

The several sketches of the more typical varieties 
or classes of ore deposits as outlined above and exhibited 
on the following pages are intended to convey to the 



14. 


Ore Deposits. 


young miner the proper conception of all forms met 
with, and to afford him a means of identifying them 
wherever observed in nature. 

In making mining examinations it is important to 
bear in mind that on the nature and class of the ore de¬ 
posits will depend in a great measure the probable con¬ 
tinuity or permanency of the mine, and the method to 
be employed in mining the ore. 


Fig. 1 represents a Stratified Vein Bed or Deposit. 
These are metalliferous aggregations inclosed between 
sedimentary rocks, belonging to every geological age. 
They lie parallel to the stratification of the enclosing 



FIG. 1. 

Stratified Vein or Bed. 


rocks, and follow all their contortions. In this way ore 
beds form Synclinals or basins, and Anticlinals or sad¬ 
dles. When this class of deposit lies horizontal, or 
nearly so, they are called by miners, “Blanket VeinsV 



Ore Deposits. 


15. 



Fig. 2 represents a Contact Vein or Deposit In 
this class of ore deposits the metalliferous accumula¬ 
tions or vein, is found between the planes of contact of 
dissimilar rocks, which are unlike in their mineral- 
ogical characterstics. Thus in the figure the portion A, 
is slate, and forms the Hanging Wall, while B is lime¬ 
stone, and forms the Foot Wall; a, b, c, measures the 
dip angle of the vein, while its Strike is the course 
along the plane of contact, and C is the Apex of the 


vein. 





16. 


Ore Deposits. 



FIG. 3. 

True Fissure Vein. 

Fig 3 represents a True Fissure Vein. This class 
of veins traverse the rocks independently of their struc¬ 
ture, and are not parallel to the foliation or stratifica- 
tion of the enclosing rocks. Veins of this class are 
further distinguished by the presence of mud scams 
along the walls; ore in handed structure, and by gener¬ 
ally striking in a northerly direction. 

They have originated in dislocations caused by ex¬ 
tensive movement of the earth’s crust and are therefore 
believed to extend indefinitely in depth. 






Ore Deposits. 


17 


Fig. 4 repre¬ 
sents that class 
of ore deposites 
known as Segre¬ 
gation Veins or 
Deposits. This 
class of ore depos¬ 
its differ from 
the fissure vein 
type, in that 
their dip and 
strike conforms 
with the bedding 
planes of the en¬ 
closing rocks. 

The ore masses 
are more or less lenticular in shape. The ore may or 

Fig. 5 rep¬ 
resents that 
class of ore 
deposits desig¬ 
nated as Mas¬ 
sive or Cham¬ 
ber deposits. 
To this class 
of deposits be¬ 
long such as 
occur in Bis- 
bee, Ariz., Eu¬ 
reka, 1ST e v., 
etc. They are great chambers in limestone rocks form¬ 
ing receptacles for the ores of various metals, and are 
the source of much mineral wealth. 


may not outcrop at the surface C. 



Massive or Chamber Deposit. 



Segregation Vein or Deposit. 
























18 


Ore Deposits. 



Fig. 6 illustrates a typical variety of that class 
of ore deposits known as Gash Veins. These are sur¬ 
face cracks filled with mineral matter, often taken for 
true fissure veins, from which they differ by their irreg¬ 
ularity and want of continuity in strike, and dip. They 
thin out in sharp tapering points, divide and disappear 
altogether at inconsiderable depths. A common occur¬ 
rence in gash veins is what is called a horse (H); this, 
together with the absence of selvage or gouge on the walls 
will generally distinguish them from true fissure veins. 
The gash vein class of veins are of common occurrence, 
and are met with in all mining countries. 







Ore Deposits. 


19 


Fig. 7 exhibits 
that class of ore de¬ 
posits known as Im¬ 
pregnation Depos¬ 
its. In this class 
the metalliferous 
aggregations do not 
possess any regular 
outlines, and the 
ore is generally dis¬ 
seminated through 
the enclosing rocks 
forming irregular 
clusters on either 
side of the fissure. 
Although met with in formations of almost every age 
they occur most frequently in igneous and other crystal¬ 
line rocks. 

Fig. 8 illus- 
trates that 
class of ore 
deposits known 
as StocJcworJc 
Deposits. This 
form is closely 
allied to the im- 
pregnation 
class. They 
consist of a 
network of 
small veins interlacing one another and traversing the 
rocks in various directions, the whole of the ore present 
is not, however, confined to the veins, a considerable por¬ 
tion of it being contained in the enclosing rock itself. 




FIG. 7. 

Impregnation Vein or Deposit. 










20 


Faults. 


Fig. 8a is a horizontal section representing that 
class of ore deposits known as Fahlbands. At Kongsberg, 
Norway, and vicinity, this class of deposits is worked 
for the silver ores contained in the Fahlbands; these are 
parallel belts of micaceous rocks of considerable width 




Sa#/J 





FIG 8a. 

Fahlband Deposit. 

and length. The narrow east and west fissure veins 
a a, b b, are highly productive when they intersect the 
Fahlbands and non-productive when they pass into the 
igneour or crystalline rocks on either side. No deposit 
of this class, to my knowledge occurs in America. 


FAULTS. 

Fig. 9 exhibits a Normal Fault. The portion of the 
vein D, D has moved downward along the fault plane A 
B, from C to D. The vertical dislocation is equal to the 
distance a b, and is called the Throw of the fault. The 



FIG. 9.—Normal Fault. 














Faults. 


21 


horizontal dislocation b, c, is called the Heave of the 
fault. 

Law of Normal Faults : To find the continuation 
of the vein, in this case, we assume that the right hand 
side of the figure has moved downward along the fault 
plane AB, the motion thus conforming to the law of 
gravitation; if, therefore, the vein was lost at D, we 
would naturally expect to find its continuation some¬ 
where on the fault plane in the direction C. If lost at 
C, the direction of the movement being downward, the 
continuation of the vein should be sought in the direc¬ 
tion D, or in general. Rule.—If at the point where the 
vein is lost the Fault-plane lies under foot; to find the 
continuation of the vein, drive upwards on the Fault- 
plane. If the Fault-plane lies overhead at the point 
where the vein is lost, drive downward along the Fault- 
plane A B. 

Fig. 10 exhibits a Reversed or Overlap Fault. 
The portion C has slipped from D upwards along the 
fault plane A B. The direction of this movement being 
the reverse of that of normal faults; and “hence,” the 
rule given for finding the continuation of the vein gov- 







22 


Faults. 


erning normal faults , must be reversed in this case. This 
class of faults are of very rare occurrence in this coun¬ 
try, while in the Witwatersrand district, in South Africa, 
they are not uncommon. In order to determine whether 
the fault met with is a Reversed or a normal fault, the 
engineer can only determine this by making a careful 
study of the earth’s crust movements of the district in 
which the fault occurs. It will be observed that if the 
stratum in the figure were eroded off at 0 the outcrop 
of two veins would apparently be shown, when in fact 
only one does exist. 

Figure 11 



Plan of a Faulted Vein. strike in the di¬ 

rection AF. AB, 

is the strike of the vein and it dips 75 degrees in the 
direction B K. It is required to find the continuation 
or faulted portion of the vein, which is evidently some¬ 
where along the fault plane G F. 

Lay off the workings to scale in horizontal section. 
Assume any convenient vertical depth, say, 100 feet, 
then 100 ^ Tan. 75° equals the distance B, D. At D, 
draw the line D C, parallel to A B. In like manner 
100 Tan. 50° equals the distance M, N. At N draw the 








Faults. 


23 


line E C, parallel to F G, and produce it till it inter¬ 
sects C D, at C. Through A C, draw the line C H, then 
C A, is the horizontal projection of the intersectioi: of 
the fault plane with the plane of the vein. Hence, Rule : 
The heaved part of the vein should be looked for on that 
side on which the plane of the intei'section makes the 
larger angle with the plane of the fault , or in the above 
case at I J, since angle H A F, is larger than G A H. 



FIG 12. 

Veins Faulted By a Dike. 

In Fig. 12, C C, represents a dike faulting the veins 
A and B. If the fault has been encountered at A, to 
find the heaved portion , proceed as in the last case. Now, 
if in another working the vein is lost at B, this vein hav¬ 
ing been faulted by the same dike C C, it is evident that 
the horizontal displacement B B’ is equal to the distance 
A A\ If the horizontal displacement or heave A A \ is 
say, 200 feet, then the heave B B ? will also be found to 
equal 200 feet and the same amount of horizontal dis¬ 
placement may be expected of all other veins intersected 



24 


Theories. 


by the dike C C; the movement always being in the 
same direction. 

Note —If C C is a vein, it is evident that it is 
younger than the veins through which it cuts. In this 
case it would be called a Cross-Course. 

THEOBIES. 

The most popular theories which claim to account 
for the filling of metalliferous veins are: 

(a) Theory of Ascension .— This theory supposes 
veins or lodes to have been formed in part only of min¬ 
erals dissolved out of rocks in the immediate horizon of 
vein fissures, and that the chief portion of the material 
has been derived from greater depth by solvents circu¬ 
lating through the fissure and subsequent precipitation 
of the minerals in solution on the walls of the cavity. 

(b) Theory of Lateral Secretion .— This theory 
teaches that water perculating through the country rocks 
has by the aid of carbonic acid and other natural sol¬ 
vents, dissolved out of it all the material now forming 
the constituents of mineral veins. 

(c) Theory of Sublimation .— According to this 
theory vein fissures were filled by the volatilization of 
metalliferous minerals derived from the ignited interior 
of the earth. This theory is fast losing its advocates.. 

(d) Theory of Replacement .— This is one of the 
most recent theories promulgated, and it has been much 
discussed of late. This theory claims that the metalli¬ 
ferous contents of deposits were obtained metasomati- 
cally, that is, there were a molecular substitution of the 
minerals contained in the circulating waters for parti¬ 
cles of the wall rocks. Thus the interchange was atom 
for atom until the walls of the fissure were impregnated 
with the metalliferous substances which now form the 
ore deposits. (See Fig. 7 ). 


“Ore Deposits” by J. A. Phillips. 

“Ore Deposits of the United States and Canada,” by J. F. Kemp. 



Examination of Mines. 


25 


THE EXAMINATION OE MINES. 

VALUATION. 

The object of making mining examinations is to 
determine as nearly as possible the real and prospective 
value of mining properties. The real value is arrived 
at by making accurate surveys, samplings, assays, 
tests and estimates of the ore exposed or in sight. The 
prospective valuation of the property, of course, will de¬ 
pend upon surrounding conditions, viz: the locality, 
nature and probable extent of the' ore deposit, richness 
of the ore exposed, cost of operation, etc. 

In any case the party making the examination 
should be governed by the facts in the matter as they are 
encountered in the course of his examination of the 
property, and his report on the mine or prospect should 
fully explain how these facts were arrived at. If a min¬ 
ing property cannot be (without further exploration of 
its ore bodies) profitably operated, it should not be re¬ 
ported on as a mine but as a prospect. 

METHOD OF ESTIMATING THE NUMBER OF TONS OF ORE IN 
SIGHT. 

According to a custom in vogue among mining en¬ 
gineers the ore in the mine must be blocked out so that 
at least two or three sides of the ore bodies shall be ex¬ 
posed before any estimate of the ore in sight can be 
made. Where three sides are exposed, their dimensions 
are accurately taken according to the surface's, sampled, 
and the cubical contents of the ore masses thus sampled 
are accurately computed. Where two sides only are ac¬ 
cessible to the termini of the consecutive working levels 
(which are generally 100 feet apart on the dip of the 
vein) above and below are jointed together by imagin¬ 
ary lines, thus dividing the ore masses up into triangu¬ 
lar solids. The parts exposed are accurately measured 


26 


Examination of Mines. 


and sampled, and the cubical contents of each triangu¬ 
lar solid computed and recorded. Where only one side 
of the unblocked ore is shown no estimate of ore in sight 
of that part of the mine can be made. Figure 13 repre- 



Longitudinal Section Illustrating Method of Sampling and 1 
Estimating Ore in Sight. 

sents a longitudinal, and Figure 14 a cross section of a 
partly developed mine. In Fig. 13, a, b, c, is the surface- 
outcrop of the vein, b, l the incline shaft sunk on the dip 

























Examination of Mines. 


27 


of the vein, and dg hi and jk are drifts driven on the 
strike of the vein. 

To estimate the total tonnage of ore in sight of this 
mine proceeds as follows: Sample the three sides ab , bf 
fd, calculate the superficial area in feet of the side 




'0>\ ^ 




nSV.O. 





-•a; 


I ' *->T/ - • 


- 4 & 

tf* iff 

- - >4* tJctj-t I* 3* 

4* rf» 4; 




r - _, rf* -/ 

*** ?(,*,* * * 


Vas, * ** ***#* 

-^u-Mj***** h*£* * 

zja. :*i?).- 0 
7 o'^Y 

V u 


^ 5 


♦£>,.£, »f/ j ,£ rf 

********: 

^ ^ 4 4i , ^ 

£U- -■*&--+£-**—.Ifj -~,—^"*“4 • •'■ 

^4 ^ 4 -dr 4 _r, ri J r > -Ap 4 
-?< ** | ^ ^ **■£ 








* * 1* ~ * 

77 *1% % „* 1 ** 

1 / *£* tp- ^ & fj-i Tp 4 ^ ■ f ~fr 

FIG. 14. 

Cross-Section Through Shaft bl Showing Formation, Class 
of Ore Deposits, Width and Dip of Vein. 


abfd and multiply this area by the average width of vein 
in feet (as determined from the several measurements 
made when sampling the block); the product equals the 









28 


Examination of Mines. 


number of cubic feet of ore in block A. In like manner 
determine the cubical contents of all other sections of 
which three sides have been sampled and measured, as 
B, D, and H. The two sides respectively of the triangu¬ 
lar figures C, E, G and the portion m h, are next sam¬ 
pled, measured, and the cubical contents of each trian¬ 
gular mass determined as above. 

Having the sum of the several ore masses in terms 
of cubic feet, to calculate the number of tons (of 2,000 
pounds) of ore in sight. Rule: Divide the total num¬ 
ber of cubic feet in the deposit by 32, and multiply the 
quotient by the specific gravity of the ore; the product 
equals the tonnage sought. 

In practice it is customary to estimate the ore of 
which only two sides have been sampled separately from 
that of which three sides were shown. When sampling 
a mining property it should be borne in mind that the 
richer ore generally lies in chutes. These chutes are dia¬ 
gramed out and their tonnage estimated independent of 
the poor ground or intervening low grade ores. In any 
'event, the method of sampling and computation adapted 
should be fully explained in the report. 

Note .—The more general rule among engineers and 
mine operators is that three sides, at “least,” of the ore 
body shall be sampled before an estimate of ore in sight 
can be made. 

SURVEY AND MAPS. 

If reliable maps and drawings of the mine are not 
at hand, about the first thing to do is to make a survey 
of both surface and underground workings and from 
this survey prepare a map of the claims, a plan of the 
mines and at least two sections of the workings. On 
these drawings in both plan and sections should appear 
ihe numbers and position of all samples taken. 


Examination of Mines. 


29 


SAMPLING. 

In sampling trenches should be cut across the vein 
or deposit (if a vein at right angles to its strike and 
dip) at not less than five (5) feet apart, and average 
samples of the ore taken therefrom; a section of the 
place sampled should be sketched in the note book, to¬ 
gether with a full description of each sample taken. 
From this data we determine the amount of ore in sight 
and subsequently its average value per ton. 

CLASSIFICATION OF ORES. 

High grade ores should be sampled and estimated 
separately from the lower grade ores, and in many cases 
it is necessary to divide the ores into first, second and 
third classes. 

MILL RUN SAMPLES. 

If a mill run of the ore is required, samples are 
taken, so that their total weight shall amount to one or 
more tons, and these should represent a fair average of 
all ore bodies sampled! 

LABORATORY TESTS. 

In any case it is all important that the engineer 
make laboratory or mill tests, with a view of arriving at 
the actual per cent, of concentrates contained in the ore. 
The assay value of concentrates and the approxi¬ 
mate amount of ore in sight which would require con¬ 
centrating should receive careful consideration. Free 
milling tests, amalgamation assays, cyanide and chlor¬ 
ination tests, etc., should also be made in order to decide 
upon the most economic process of treating the ore. 

engineers' duties. 

All samples of ores taken, assays of samples, labor¬ 
atory tests of ores, estimates of value and number of 
tons of ore in sight, investigation of title to property, 
etc. should be made in person by the engineer in charge 


30 


Mining Report. 


of the examination. If, through negligence, inability, 
or other causes, these requirements are not fulfilled his 
report on the property should not be esteemed worthy 
of consideration, and moreover it should here be borne 
in mind that the mere opinion of the so-called “Mining 
Expert” generally counts for nothing, unless his conclu¬ 
sion in the matter derives from a well conducted exam¬ 
ination of the property. 

PRECAUTIONS. 

It is a grave mistake to recommend the erection of 
reduction works of . any kind until such time when it 
shall have been thoroughly demonstrated beyond a doubt 
that the ore, from both an economic and metallurgical 
standpoint, is best suited to the process recommended 
and the merit of the mine well established, with ore 
enough blocked out to fully warrant and justify such 
expenditures. 

Having completed the examination of the mine, the 
next step is to draft the report. The following is a gen¬ 
eral outline of a mining report, which may be modified 
to suit any particular case: 

REPORT ON 

THE - MINING CO/S PROPERTY. 

To - 


Gentlemen:—Pursuant to your request, I have 
made a very thorough examination of your mines, sit¬ 
uated at-and herewith submit the 

following report: 

GEOGRAPHY. 

(1) Locality and key map of country? (2) Alti¬ 
tude? (3) Accessibility? (4) Railway fare and trans¬ 
portation rates? (5) Wagon roads, etc.? 






Mining Report. 


31 


GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF PROPERTY. 

(1) Name of claims, and area of group? (2) Map 
■of claims? (3) Abstracts of title? (4) Surface prop¬ 
erty and improvements? (5) Mining and milling 
machinery? (6) Climatic conditions? 

HISTORY. 

(1) Output of district, $-? (2) Total 

number of tons of ore extracted from mine, 
.and treated by the-process? (3) Average as¬ 
say value of ore mined and treated by the-pro¬ 
cess at-? (4) Cost per ton of mining ore? (5) 

•Cost per ton of milling ore by the-process and 

per cent, of assay values saved? (6) Transportation 
•cost? (7) How above information regarding the past 
history of the mine was obtained? 

GEOLOGY. 

(1) Formation of district? (2) Foot wall 

of ore deposits of mine?. (3) Hanging wall? 

(4) These ore deposits are of the - class? (5) 

Hangue of ore? (6) An average analysis of all samples 

taken gave - per cent. - per cent. - per cent. 

- $-■, etc. ? (7) (Here introduce) (8) 

.Plan of Mine? (9) Longitudinal section and two or 
more geological cross sections of the underground work¬ 
ings and on the above drawings should appear the num¬ 
bers and position of all samples taken? (10) Humber 

of feet of development, shafts, drifts,-ft., crosscuts, 

-ft., winzes,-ft., upraises,-ft., cubic ft of 

ground stoped out-? 

ORE IN SIGHT AND ASSAY VALUES. 

(1) List of assays of all ores sampled? 
•{Give number of each sample, width of vein, 
with a sketch of each sample showing place 
where taken) (2) Total number tons (of 2,- 


















32 


Mining Report. 


000 pounds) of ore in sight (explain by drawings how 

estimated),-tons. Of this-tons, is first-class 

ore, which will average $-per ton. Total value of 

all first-class ore in sight is $-. (3) Of the re¬ 
mained (second-class ore) there are-tons, which will 

average $-per ton. Total value of all second-class 

ore in sight, $-. (4) Grand total value in dol¬ 

lars (according to assays and present market value of 

metals) of all ores in sight is $-. (5) The 

amount of concentrates in the first-class ore will aver¬ 
age - per cent, of its total weight, and represents 

-per cent, of its total value, and that of the second- 

class ore is-per cent, of its weight and represents 

-per cent, of its assay value. 

ESTIMATE COST OF EXTRACTION AND REDUCTION OF ORE 
IN SIGHT. 

(Cost per ton.) (1) Mining $-. (2) 

Transportation $-. (3) Treating ore by the-— 

process at- mill $-. (4) Loss in treatment 

$-. (5) Refining, assaying and marketing bullion 

$-. (6) All other items of expense, including inter¬ 
est on capital invested, say $-per ton. (7) Total 

cost of extraction and reduction $- per ton. (8) 

The net profit on all ore treated (taking the average as¬ 
say values of the ore as a basis) is, therefore, $-per 

ton. (9) The mine at present is capable of supplying 

- tons of ore per day, for - time, which would 

mean a profit of $-per month (of 26 working days),. 

or $- for- months. 

PROSPECTIVE' OUTLOOK OF MINE AND COST OF DEVELOP¬ 
MENT. 

(1) List of assays of samples taken, where- 
less than three sides of ore were exposed? (As before,* 
give sketch of sample, etc.) (2) Cost of sinking shafts* 





























Mining Report. 


33 


$- per foot? (3) Driving drifts $- per foot? 

(4) Crosscuts $-per foot? (5) Winzes $-per 

foot? Upraises, etc., $-per foot? 

MINING AND MILLING FACILITIES. 

(1) Lumber costs $-per-? (2) Cord wood 

$-per cord? (3) Coal $-per --? (4) Min¬ 
ing timbers $- per -? (5) Labor (classify) 

$-^—? (6) Freight rates from -to mine $- 

per-? (7) Water supply (describe) ? 

PRICE AND TERMS OF SALE. 

(State these conditions clearly and in as few words 
as possible.) 

GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF ADJOINING PROPERTIES. 

(Describe briefly such properties as have a bear¬ 
ing on this examination.) 

RECOMMENDATIONS. 

Under this paragraph should appear such 
recommendations as in the engineer’s judgment 
are appropriate and essential to successful and 
economic operation of the mine. The reduc¬ 
tion process to which the ores of the mine have proven 
best adapted should receive careful consideration. 

CONCLUSION. 

(The conclusion here should be drawn from 
the foregoing facts as they appear in the re¬ 
port and not from the imagination, as is too often the. 
case with mining reports.) 


















• ncce- 

A»T 


Sou-, CL BY. RRBBLES^Ec. 


SOIL, CLAY, PEBBLES, SRHO 


mz t 


LOOSELY ST BAT/E/£ O 
C O H G LO M £ E ATE S, SABOS 

BPSPLT RnDESYTR 
R) OLYTE LAVA, 

COACLOHCBATES, SAUDSTonES 
SHARES ir CLAYS Some of 
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Others of 
Qt ct nikic Be LriCu s 


O 


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(* V* c» <» <- 

<<■ <-« < O <■» 


w £S T£ C /x7i V/V /3£o S 

SA/YESTO/VES 

DRAB, SHALES, CLAYS 

L/ ME sr O/YRS 
OAA/< SAAL ES 
COHCLOHERATRS S AAOSTOHE 


V ER / EQATCO CEAYS 

/?£">£> W/ 7/?4 S AHO$TO HE£ 

L.tr+1 ES TOA£ 




Thin e i m as r o n c 

Thick reo co/vclomer/ites 

S PITY OS TONE 




G YASIAEROUS-SHAGES 
REDDISH COHC.LOAEB.ATES 
8/JSTRR/V CORE BROS 

SH/ 7 EES SAHASTOHES 

CR/T RAO SHALES 
BLUR L/MRSTONR 


REPO/SB SR/VDSTORES 
L-/MES TO HE 


DRRB rale L/hestotyR 

DOLOMlTR 


SL /A TES 


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q,0 H RT Z.I T£ CorvCL-OMErtHTC 

Cf H £ J S S, St HI STS, SEHTES MARALE 


GKtfA/ITR Q/yr/ss. 

SC/f/ST SYENYTE 


WESTERN GEOLOGICAL SECTION. 

(After Prof. Lakes in part.) 

Showing the General Order of Formation as they Occur 
on the Pacific Slope and Rocky Mountain Regions. 




























































PART II. 

Chemical Operations. 




PART II 


NOTES ON ASSAYING GOLD, SILVER, LEAD 
AND COPPER ORES. 


GOLD AND SILVER. 

Crucible Process for the Assay of Gold and Silver Ores. 
Pass the ore through a sixty or eighty mesh sieve, 

and 


(a) If the ore is silicious with little or no sul¬ 
phides, etc., use the straight formula, as given below. 

(b) If the gangue of the ore consists of oxides, 
lime or calciti, etc., add to the charge y 2 assay-ton (A. 
T.) of silica. 

(c) If the ore is a sulphide or concentrates, ox if 
it contains arsenic, antimony, etc., it should be thor¬ 
oughly roasted. Weigh out before roasting ore % A. T., 
mix with an equal volume of charcoal and % A. T. sil¬ 
ica, roast ip a chalk-lined frying pan at a low heat with 
continual stirring. 

GENERAL FORMULA. 

Ore.’...y 2 A. T. 


Lead Flux 


r Sodium bicarbonate, 16 parts 
Potassium carbonate, 16 parts 


1 A. T. 


Borax glass, 8 parts 
_ Flour, 4 parts J 

Soda bicarbonate.1 A. T. 

Litharge.20 gms. 

Transfer this charge well mixed to a crucible 
(which should not be more than three-fourths filled), 
cover with salt and fuse in the muffle furnace at a high 







38 


Assaying. 


heat for about forty minutes, or at least until all action 
of the charge has ceased. Then pour into the moulds, 
let cool, detach lead button, hammer into a cube and 
cupel at a bright red heat until all the lead is gone and 
the remaining gold and silver globule brightens; now 
brush, flatten and weigh, calling the weight of button 
gold and silver two ounces for each milligramme it 
weighs; note the weight, say it = 20 ozs. 

NOTE.—If the button does not contain at least 
twice as much silver as gold, before trying to part, that 
amount of pure silver should be fused with it . 

With dilute nitric acid, in a small porcelain cap- 
sula, or crucible, dissolve the button over a spirit lamp. 
The gold falls to the bottom as a dark scale or powder; 
renew the acid and finely wash with water, pour off the 
water and remove the last drop with a piece of clean 
blotting paper, dry the crucible, with its gold contents, 
very thoroughly, cover and transfer the crucible or cap- 
sula to the heated muffle for a few minutes, then let cool 
and weigh as metallic gold, say this weight — 1.65 ozs. 
Then 20 ozs. - 1.65 ozs.—18.35 ozs.; that is, there are 
18.35 ozs. of silver to each ton of 2,000 pounds and 1.65 
ozs. of gold. Taking gold at $20 per oz. and silver at 
65c per oz., we have for the assay:: Gold $33.00 and 
silver $11.93, or a total value of $44.93 per ton of ore. 


LEAD. 

Crucible Process for the Assay of Lead Ores. —In 
case of sulphides, such as galena, pyrite, etc., insert in 
the crucible with the charge three iron nails (eight- 
penny), points down. These should be removed rapidly, 
but carefully, after the fusion is complete. Pass the ore 
through an eighty mesh sieve and weigh as below. 



Assaying. 


39 


GENERAL FORMULA. 


Ore . 

Soda-Bicarbonate 
Carb. Potassium 

Argol . 

Flour . 

Borax Glass 


10 grammes 
15 grammes 
10 grammes 
7 grammes 
5 grammes 
3 grammes 


Salt cover, and three iron nails if a sulphide ore. 
Run at a moderate heat for from twelve to fifteen min¬ 
utes, or to complete fusion; then remove the crucible, 
take out nails, cover as rapidly as possible, and when 
stone cool break the crucible, detach lead button and 
hammer into a cube. The weight of button in grammes 
multiplied by ten, gives the ore’s percentage of metallic 
lead. 


COPPER. 

Wet Process for the Assay of Copper Ores .— (1) 
Treat one gramme of the finely pulverized ore in a 
(250cc capacity) flat-bottomed flask or casserole, with 
7cc of nitric acid, 5cc sulphuric acid, and if the ore is a 
heavy sulphide add one gramme of potassium chlorate 
(after boiling). Heat until all red fumes are gone, or 
until the nitric acid has been driven off, and all the cop¬ 
per is in solution. Now let cool and add seven grammes 
pure zinc, cut into thin strips, and 50cc of water. 
Shake the contents of the flask in order to 
break up any cake formed in the bottom and 
allow to stand fifteen minutes, then add 50cc 
water and lOcc sulphuric acid. Let cool thoroughly. 
The copper has been precipitated as metallic copper. 
(2) The solution of zinc having been completed, fill up 
to the neck with water, allow to settle for about five 









40 


Assaying. 


minutes and decant or pour off the clear supernatant 
liquid. Fill with water and decant in the same manner 
twice more. There remains in the flask the insoluable 
residues along with the metallic copper, etc. (3) To 
the insoluable residue (silica) and metallic copper in 
the flask, add 5cc of nitric acid, boil for about five min¬ 
utes or until all red fumes have gone, let cool, then add 
lOcc of ammonia, or enough to neutralize the acid. The 
solution now turns blue in proportion to the amount of 
copper present. (4) When the solution is cool add 50cc 
of water, and in case of rich ores (above five per cent, 
ore) runs into the flask from the burette enough of the 
standardized solution of cyanide of potassium to almost 
bleach the solution in the flask; having noted the 
amount of cyanide solution used, filter off the silica, 
etc., catching the light blue filtrate in a beaker. Now 
run from the burette into this filtrate enough cyanide 
solution to bleach or discolor it. Note the total amount 
of cyanide solution used, say in this assay 20cc were re¬ 
quired. 

NOTE.—The Potassium Cyanide Solution is pre¬ 
pared as follows : Dissolve sixty grammes of the cyan¬ 
ide salt in one litre of water, when dissolved decant or 
ciphon the solution into a paper wrapped-bottle. The 
solution is now ready for standardizing; this is done as 
follows: Weigh out say 250 milligrammes of pure cop¬ 
per and in a beaker, dissolve this in 5cc nitric acid, boil 
until red fumes have disappeared, let cool, then add 10 cc 
of ammonia, let cool and add 50 cc of water. Then run 
in from the burette enough of the previously prepared 
cyanide solution to bleach or discolor the copper solu¬ 
tion in the beaker; note the amount used, say in this 
case 15.1 5cc were required; then 1 cc of cyanide solution 
— 250 "5" 15.5 = 16.13 milligrammes of copper, or since 
1000. mgrs.—l. gramme, 16.13 m^rs. = .01613 grammes. 
Therefore, lcc of the cyanide solution will neutralize or 


Assaying. 


41 


indicates the presence of .01613 grainmes of pure copper. 

Now, since in the assay of the ore, 20cc of the cyan¬ 
ide solution were used, it is evident that there is present 
-01613 X20=.32260, or 32.26 per cent, of pure copper in 
the ore. 

Note .—This .01613 is called the standard factor 
and it should be labled on the cyanide solution bottle for 
future reference. 

If two litres of water, instead of one, or 30 grammes 
of the cyanide salt, instead of 60 grammes, had been 
used in making up the solution the standard factor 
would have been .01613 2 — .00806. A solution of the 

latter strength is preferable, since the error in reading 
the burette is only one-half of that in the former case. 
In practice, where a great number of assays are to be 
made at one time the most convenient solution is one of 
which lcc^Ol grammes, or 10 milligrammes of copper, 
or which is the same thing, lcc of cyanide solution 
•equals 1 per cent, copper. Such a solution may be made 
by diluting the above solution to 1.613 litres of water. 

Note .—The strength of the solution will depend 
Upon the purity of the cyanide salt used. 

SECOND METHOD. 

If there is no zinc, nickel or cobalt present 
in the ore, the following rapid method is 
preferable and in general gives more satisfactory re¬ 
sults : Take ore, 1 gramme, and boil in flask as before 
with 7cc nitric acid, 5cc sulphuric acid and about 1 
gramme potassium-chlorate added a little at a time (if 
the ore is a heavy sulphide), boil until the red fumes 
have cleared away (or until all the copper is in solu¬ 
tion), then let cool and add 15cc of ammonia (or enough 
to neutralize the acid) and 50cc water, let cool and run 
in enough cyanide solution to almost bleach the solution 


42 


Laboratory Tests. 


in the flask or beaker (note amount of solution used). 
Now filter and finish the titration. As before, multiply 
the standard factor representing the strength of the cy¬ 
anide solution by the number of cubic centimeters of so¬ 
lution used; this product multiplied by one hundred 
gives the ore’s percentage in metallic copper. 

Note .—The final addition of cyanide solution 
should be added from the burette drop by drop, the flask 
containing the assay being well shaken each time until 
the blue or lilac tint can scarcely be discerned at the 
upper edge of the liquid when viewed against a white 
background. Many chemists titrate to a faint rose or 
pink tint {Furman). 

LABORATORY TESTS OF GOLD AND SILVER 
ORES. 

OBJECT OF TESTS. 

The following tests of gold and silver ores are made 
in order to determine the probable percentage of gold 
which may be extracted by the cyanide, chlorination and 
amalgamation processes. In testing by the cyanide pro¬ 
cess it should be borne in mind that the least amount 
of cyanide which it is possible to use, and yet extract 
all the gold, the more economic will be the process of 
treatment. In general, the finer the ore is crushed and 
the longer that it is leached, the greater will be the per 
cent, of extraction. The percentage of gold extraction 
by the chlorination process will depend not only upon 
the fineness of crushing but also upon the per cent, of 
free gold present, the amount of chlorine gas generated 
per ore charge and the time of agitation. Amalgama¬ 
tion tests, or assays, are made on gold and silver ores to 
determine the probable per cent, of gold and silver 
which may be extracted by the amalgamation process of 
milling. 



Laboratory Tests. 


43 


TESTING BY THE CYANIDE PROCESS. 

Crush the well selected sample and pass it through 
at least a forty mesh sieve. Weigh out 500 grammes 
of the ore, shake with water, and insert a blue strip of 
litmus paper; if the litmus paper turns red an acid is 
present which must be removed. Neutralize the acid 
with lime by adding a little at a time and continue 
until the red litmus turns blue. Note the weight of 
lime required to neutralize the 500 grammes of ore. 
Wash the ore thoroughly with water, dry and weigh out 
four samples, each 100 grammes, and pour these into 
wide-necked unstoppered flasks which label No. 1, 2, 3 r 
4, respectively. Measure out and pour into each flask 
or bottle, with the samples, lOOcc of water (100 gms.). 
Now weigh out two lots of the cyanide salt, each 0.4 
grammes. Dissolve one lot with sample No. 1, the other 
lot with sample No. 2. Now 0.4 gms. : 100 gms. :: 8 
lbs. : 2,000 lbs.; that is for each ton of water used in 
the milling process eight pounds of cyanide will he re¬ 
quired, or, since in practice one ton of ore is leached in 
one-half ton of water, one ton of ore would therefore be- 
treated with four pounds of cyanide. Let No. 1 leach 
for, say twelve hours, and No. 2 for twenty-four hours, 
then filter off one assay ton (29.17cc) of each solution 
and evaporate to dryness in a lead foil dish, made out of 
pure lead for the purpose, and when evaporation is com¬ 
pleted fold up lead dish and cupel; treating the result¬ 
ing button as in the regular assay of gold and silver- 
ores. The difference between this assay and that of the 
ore before treating equals the amount of loss in treat¬ 
ing. Nos. 3 and 4 are tested in like manner, but for 
greater lengths of time, and with weaker solutions. The 
loss of liquid in the bottles due to evaporation should be 
estimated and allowed for in the assay. As a check on. 


44 


Laboratory Tests. 


the work, wash and dry samples and assay leached pulp. 
The difference between the assay of the leached pulp 
and the assay of the ore before treatment should equal 
the amount of gold recovered, or in solution. An ap¬ 
proximate determination of the amount of cyanide con¬ 
sumed per ton of ore may be made as follows: Dissolve 
in two litres of water fourteen grammes potassium-iod¬ 
ide and seven grammes metallic iodide. Dissolve one 
gramme of cyanide in one litres (1,000 gms.) of water; 
this corresponds to two pounds of cyanide to the ton of 
water. Measure out 30cc of this cyanide solution, add a 
few drops of starch solution (starch rubbed and dis¬ 
solved in water) and titrate with the iodide solution 
until a bluish yellow color is seen. Now divide the two 
pounds (cyanide in one ton of water) by the number of 
(cc) iodide solution required or used, the quotient indi¬ 
cates the number of pounds of cyanide per ton of water 
that each (cc) of the iodide solution is equal to. This 
quotient is called the standard factor and it should be 
labeled on the iodide solution bottle for future refer¬ 
ence. After agitating the assays in the bottles with zinc 
shavings for a few minutes, filter and measure out 30cc 
of the solution, titrate as above and multiply the num¬ 
ber of (cc’s) of the iodide solution used by the standard 
factor, the product is equal to the number of pounds of 
cyanide in a ton of the solution tested. Knowing the 
strength of the cyanide solution before and after using, 
the difference, therefore, equals the loss in treatment, or 
the amount consumed. In cyanide mill practice it is 
customary to leach the ore first with the strongest solu¬ 
tion for the proper time, then with a weaker solution. 
After this it is washed with water, running all solutions 
after being filtered through boxes filled with zinc shav¬ 
ings. In these boxes the gold and silver is precipitated, 


Laboratory Tests. 


45 


while the solution, after being freed from its values, is 
caught in a receiving tank from whence it is pumped 
back to the standardizing tanks and cyanide added until 
it is brought up to the proper strength for using again. 
The above tests should be conducted in such a way as 
to imitate as nearly as possible the actual operation of 
the cyanide mill. 

TESTING BY THE CHLORINATION PROCESS. 

Pass the pulverized sample through a forty mesh 
sieve, weigh out one pound of the ore and roast, if a sul¬ 
phide, to a dead roast, introduce the roasted ore into a 
glass-stoppered bottle containing 300cc hot water and 6.8 
gms. of each, bleaching powder and sulphuric acid (66° 
Baume). Agitate the bottle and its contents from four 
to eight hours, then filter off the solution, wash the pulp 
with water until the washing no longer gives a precipi¬ 
tate on testing for chlorine with silver nitrate. Now dry 
the pulp and assay it in the usual way. Having the as¬ 
say on the ore before and after treatment, the difference 
represents the loss in treatment. The above test is made 
on the basis of there being thirty pounds of each—sul¬ 
phuric acid and bleaching powder—used to the ton of ore 
in the regular milling process. These proportions should 
be varied, however, the proper amount of each chemi¬ 
cal required can be determined only by experiment At 
the end of the process of agitation there should be free 
chlorine present, which is indicated in the presence of 
ammonia water by giving off the characteristic fumes of 
ammonia-chloride. 

TESTING BY THE AMALGAMATION PROCESS. 

Pulverize the ore and pass it through an eighty 
mesh sieve. Weigh out 50 A. T., place in an ordinary 
gold pan and pan down to black sand. Wash the con¬ 
tents into a wide-necked bottle, add two ounces of mer- 


46 


Blowpipe Outfit. 


cury and hot water, agitate for a few minutes, then pour 
off the contents, except the mercury and amalgam, 
which is washed several times with water. The contents 
of the flask is now washed into the gold pan and the 
mercury and amalgam cleaned by further panning. Now 
strain off the mercuery through a piece of tight buck¬ 
skin. The amalgam caught in the buckskin is collected 
and placed into a small porcelain crucible, the crucible 
is heated gradually at first, then to redness after the 
mercury is driven off. The contents of the crucible, 
after cooling, is wrapped in a piece of sheet lead and 
cupelled. The resulting button indicating the value in 
fifty tons of ore is treated as in the regular assay of gold 
and silver ores. Having assayed the ore before treat¬ 
ment, the difference between the first and this last as¬ 
say is equal to the loss in treatment. 

BLOWPIPE ANALYSIS OF MINERALS. 

BLOWPIPE OUTFIT. 

By this method of tests the composition 
of minerals are indicated by certain colors, etc., 
exhibited when heated alone and in the presence of cer¬ 
tain regents. In order to successfully conduct such tests 
the following outfit at least is required: 

First. The Blowpipe. Plattner's is the best, the 
jeweler's or cheaper variety will do where a great num¬ 
ber of tests are not to be made. 

Second. One alcohol lamp with a tightly-fitting 
top to prevent leakage when in field use. 

Fourth. A small amount of platinum wire, one 
piece short and another thick, the short piece to be used 
for stirring the assay, the longer and thinner piece for 
making the bead tests. 


“Economic Mineralogy,” by Prof. B. Sadtler. 




Blowpipe Outfit. 


47 


Fifth. Open and Closed Tubes .—These should be 
made from Bohemian glass tubing of about one-fourth 
of an inch diameter, cut into four-inch lengths. To 
make the closed tubes simply fuse one end shut with the 
blowpipe, using the hotter portion of the flame, which 
is just beyond the point of the inner blue flame. 

Sixth. Plaster and Bone-ash .—When these are dif¬ 
ficult to obtain any pure clay well burned and powdered 
will form a good substitute. 

Seventh. A pair of platinum-tiped forceps for mak¬ 
ing the flame tests and testing the fusibility of min¬ 
erals. 

Eighth. Two or three Bohemian watch glasses to 
be used for making the acid tests of the finely powdered 
mineral, and Ninth. Several lumps of charcoal. This 
should be well burnt, and fine grained; that of the 
smaller limbs is generally the best. 

Besides the above a number of glass-stoppered bot¬ 
tles containing the following named reagents should be 
added: 

LIST OF CHEMICALS AND REAGENTS. 

I. Soda bicarbonate. 

2 Powdered Borax Glass. 

3. Salt of Phosphorus, S Ph. 

4. Bismuth-Flux —(2 parts sulphur, 1 part potas- 
sic-iodide and 1 part potassic-bisulphate.) 

5. Boracic-acid. 

6. Boracic-acid flux—(Potassium sulphate, IGSCh, 
4 y 2 parts and Calcium bifluoride CaF 2 , 1 part.) 

7. Copper oxide CuO. 

8 . Potassium-sulphate K 2 SO 4 . 

9. Ammonium-sulphide (NH*)iS. 

10. Magnesium (metallic). 

II. Test Copper (metallic). 


48 


Operation and Tests. 


12.. Granulated lead. 

13. Granulated zinc. 

14. Test tin. 

15. Powdered Silica, SiO*. 

16. Cobalt solution. 

17. Ammonia-water, NH*OH. 

18. Nitric acid, H NO. 

19. Hydrochloric acid, HC1, 

20. Sulphuric acid, H 2 SO. 

21. Potassium-bisulphate. 

The above outfit (according to the Denver Fire 
Clay Co.) will cost about $5.00. 

OPERATION AND TESTS. 

(a) THE OXIDIZING FLAME. (0. F.). 

To produce the 0. F., the point of the 

blowpipe is placed just within the flame of 
the lamp, slightly above the wick. Blowing 
produces a long blue cone; the 0. F. lies just out¬ 
side this blue cone and is not often visible unless some 
object is placed in it. Just beyond the point of this 
blue cone is the hottest part of the flame. 

(b) THE REDUCING FLAME (R. F.). 

To produce the E. F., hold the blowpipe so that its 
point just reaches the edge of the lamp flame slightly 
above the wick. The E. F. is the interior of the blue 
cone mentioned above, and it is most active near its 
point. 

(c) FLAME TESTS. 

This test is made by holding a small bit 
of the mineral in a pair of platinum-tiped 
forceps or wrapped in platinum wire in the colorless 
flame just beyond the cone and noting the coloration of 
flame produced. The platinum tips or wire should be 
cleaned between tests. 


Operation and Tests. 


49 


( d ) TESTS WITH REAGENTS. 

In the examination of sulphides, arsenides, 
antimonides and related ores, the assay should 
be roasted before using a flux, in order to 
convert the substance into an oxide. This is done by 
spreading the substance out on a piece of charcoal and 
exposing it to a gentle heat in the 0. F. The sulphur, 
arsenic, antimony, etc., pass off as oxides in the form of 
vapor, leaving the non-volatile metals behind as oxides. 
The escaping sulphurous acid gives the ordinary odor 
of burning sulphur, arsenic acid, from arsenic present, 
the odor of garlic, selenious acid, from selenium pres¬ 
ent, the odor of decaying horseradish, while antimony 
fumes are dense white and have no odor. 

After the finely pulverized mineral is roasted as 
directed above, take a piece of the thinner patinum wire, 
make a loop in one end of it about the eighth of an inch 
in diameter. Now heat the loop in the blowpipe flame 
and dip into the dry borax, soda or S. Ph., as the case 
may be, the adhering material fused, and again 
dipping into the reagent and fused until a clear bead is 
formed within the loop. Now fuse the bead again, and. 
this time dip it into the finely powdered mineral; fuse 
this and dip again, noting each time the colors ivhich 
the head assumes , both when hot and cold. Care should 
be taken not to take too much of the mineral at a time, 
it being better to add it to the bead in minute quanti¬ 
ties until the desired depth of color is obtained. In se¬ 
lecting the mineral to be tested, care should be takeni 
to not confound two or more minerals together as this; 
often causes unnecessary conflicts in tests. 

(e) TESTS ON CHARCOAL. 

Mix the pulverized mineral and reagent 
(slightly moistened) together in a little round 


50 


Operation and Tests. 


ball, place in a shallow orifice or cone-shaped 
cavity made in the charcoal. Now play upon it with 
the desired flame, and note the kind of colors forming 
the coatings on the coal around the assay, also note the 
color of bead as before, the escaping fumes and their 
odor and whether or not a globule of metal would be 
given out with further blowing. 

(/) TESTS ON PLASTER OR BONE-ASH. 

In case of the presence of lead or other heavy metals 
in large quantities, a prepared surface of dried clay or 
bone-ash may be advantageously substituted for the 
charcoal, but whether the test be made on coal or plaster, 
if the mineral is not previously roasted, the desired col¬ 
orations are rendered obscure in the presence of volatile 
substances. 

(g) TESTS IN CLOSED TUBE (MATRASS). 

In closed tube , either heated directly over the Bunsen 
burner, or in the blowpipe flame, volatile substances of 
the assay within the tube are vaporized and condensed 
in the upper or colder part of the tube, where they may 
be examined by a lense, if necessary, or by further 
heating. The odor given off may be noted; also the 
acidity of any fumes by inserting a small strip of litmus 
paper in the mouth of the tube. Acid fumes turn blue 
litmus red, and alkalies turns red litmus blue. The closed 
tube is used to observe all the effects that may take place 
when the mineral is heated out of contact with the air. 
The substance, of course, must be finely pulverized be¬ 
fore going into the tube and only a minute quantity 
taken. 

( h) TESTS IN THE OPEN TUBE. 

This tube being open at both ends the 
atmosphere passes through in the heating and 
so modifies the result. The assay is placed 


Tests in the Wet Way. 


51 


an inch or an inch and a quarter from the lower end of 
the tube; the tube should be held nearly horizontal or 
enough so as to prevent the substance from falling out. 
The assay is now heated over a Bunsen burner or with 
the blowpipe flame and its action noted . (See Tests.) 

It is believed that the above is all that is necessary 
to enable the student to successfully conduct the Blow¬ 
pipe tests given on page 54 to 81. 


QUALITATIVE TESTS OF MINERALS IN THE WET-WAY. 

By the following method of tests, the mineral to 
be tested is first pulverized to a very fine powder, a small 
portion of it, or about as much as can be held on the 
point of a large pocket-knife blade is dissolved by boil¬ 
ing with about 5ce to lOcc of the proper acid, or acids; 
in a test tube, matrass, or beaker. The acids used as 
solvents are generally Hydrochloric (H Cl), or Nitric 
(HNO), or both. In no case should an acid be used 
which contains the element sought for in the test, or 
when its presence would interfere with the test, for in¬ 
stance, as in the test for silver, H Cl should not be used 
as a solvent , “but as a precipitant” (See silver.) 

The precipitates, in many cases, after being caught 
upon the filter, may be dryed and further tested by 
means of the blowpipe; thus confirming by bloivpipe 
tests the presence of the element sought. The acids used 
as solvents in the majority of cases should be diluted 
with water or at least before applying the respective 
precipitants, i e, the reagents or chemicals, which indi¬ 
cates the element tested for, if present. Having the 
mineral thoroughly dissolved, a drop or two of the so¬ 
lution is removed by means of a glass rod or tube, and 
tested on a white porcelain dish with the proper reagent 
or chemical added, “as per Tests/' In order to success- 



52 


List of Chemicals. 


fully conduct all tests as given below, small glass-stop¬ 
pered bottles containing the following reagents and 
chemicals are required. They may be procured from 
the various dealers in chemical supplies, and ordered as 
needed : 

LIST OF CHEMICALS, REAGENTS, ETC. 

( 1 ) NILOH— Ammonium Hydrate. 

( 2 ) NILC1— Ammonic Chloride. 

(3) NaCsHsOs— Sodic Acetate. 

(4) ITS— Sulphuretted hydrogen. (Prepared 
by adding dilute Sulphuric acid to pure iron sulphide. 
The gas thus generated should be washed by passing it 
through water before using.) 

(5) HC1— Hydrochloric Acid. 

(6) AgNCh —Silver Nitrate. 

(7) KOH— Potassium Hydrate. 

(8) NaOH— Sodium Hydrate. 

(9) Sb 2(>3 — Antimony Ter oxide. 

(10) SbzO —Antimony Pentoxide. 

(11) CuSCh —Copper Sulphate. 

(12) HNOs —Nitric Acid. 

(13) H 2 SO 4 — Sulphuric Acid. 

(14) (NTL^S— Ammonium Sulphide. 

(15) SnCb— Tin Bi-chloride. 

(16) KCISr— Cyanide of Potassium. 

(17) MnO*— Manganese Dioxide. 

(18) BaCl 2 — Barium Dichloride. 

(19) CaCh— Calcium Dichloride. 

( 20 ) Turmeric Paper (Indicator). 

( 21 ) Litmus Paper (Indicator). 

(22) Metallic-Zinc. 

(23) PbO—( Litharge) Lead Oxide. 

(24) HC 2 H 3 O 2 — Acetic Acid. 

(25) H 2 O 2 —Hydrogen peroxide. 


List of Chemicals. 


53 


(26) K.FeCeNe— Potassium Ferrocyanide. 

(27) ILCVELOs— Tartaric Acid. 

(28) HsCsILO^ H 2 O— Citric Acid. 

(29) Fe— Metallic Iron. 

(30) Zn— Metallic Zinc. 

(31) FeaO— Iron Sesquioxide. 

(32) ISTILOTS— Ammonium Sulpho Cyanide. 

(33) Nitrophenic Acid. 

(34) Na^COs— Sodium Carbonate. 

(35) NazHPO*— Hydrodisodic Phosphate, Solu¬ 
tion equals (1 gm. NasHPCL dissolved in lOcc of wa¬ 
ter). 

(36) PbOa— Peroxide of Lead. 

(37) Cu— Metallic Copper. 

(38) (NIL) *00*— Ammonium Carbonate. 

(39) Na CIO— Sodium Chlorate. 

(40) FeSO*— Ferrous Sulphate. 

(41) Magnesia Mixture = (MgSO* 1 gm., NILC1 
1 gm. and NILOH 4cc, added to 8 cc water. ( Dissolve 
well). 

(42) (N H) 2 M0O4+HNO3— Molybdate Solution 
= (1 gm. MoOa dissolved in 4cc NILOH, and the solu¬ 
tion poured into 15cc of HNOa (0. 1.2). 

(43) MgS 04 — Magnesium Sulphate. 

(44) Albumen. 

(45) Pt CI 4 — Platinic Chloride. 

(46) NaNOa— Sodium Nitrate. 

(47) HgCla— Bichloride of Mercury. 

(48) —Au. Cla— Ter chloride of Gold. 

(49) SnOa— Stannic Oxide. 

(50) KeFeaCyia— Potassium Ferricyanide. 

The following summary of characteristic qualita¬ 
tive tests are after Prof. A. J. Moses. They are ar¬ 
ranged below in the following order: 

First—In the dry ivay or by means of the blow¬ 
pipe. 

Second—In the wet way or by means of wet re¬ 
agents. 


54 


Qualitative Tests. 


QUALITATIVE TESTS OF MINERALS. 

ALUMINUM, Al. 

WITH THE BLOWPIPE. 

With Soda. —Swells and forms an infusible com¬ 
pound. 

With Borax or S. Ph. —Clear or cloudy, never opa¬ 
que. 

With Cobalt Solution. —Fine blue when cold. (Cer¬ 
tain phosphates, borates and fusible silicates become 
blue in absence of alumina.) 

IN THE WET WAY. 

1. Alkali hydroxides precipitate grayish-white, 
Ah (HO) e, soluble in fixed alkali-hydroxides, but only 
slightly soluble in NH 4 OH if NH 4 CI is present. 

2. Basic acetate of aluminium is precipitated by 
addition of NaCsHsOa to a warm and slightly acid solu¬ 
tion. 

Confirm. —By blowpipe test. 

AMMONIA, NH3. 

WITH THE BLOWPIPE. 

In Closed Tube. —Evolution of gas with the char¬ 
acteristic odor. Soda or lime assists the reaction. The 
gas turns red litmus paper blue, and forms white clouds 
with HC1 vapor. 

ANTIMONY, Sb. 

WITH THE BLOWPIPE. 

On Coal, R. F. —Volatile white coat, bluish in thin 
layers, continues to form after cessation of blast. (This 
coat may be further tested by S. Ph. or flame.) 

With Bismuth Flux:—On Plaster. —Orange-red 
coat, made orange by (N H4) 2 S. 

On Coal. —Faint yellow or red coat. 

In Open Tube. —Dense, white, non-volatile, amor¬ 
phous sublimate. The sulphide, too rapidly heated, 
will yield spots of red. 



Qualitative Tests. 


55 


In Closed Tube. —The oxide will yield a white fusi¬ 
ble sublimate of needle crystals; the sulphide, a black 
sublimate, red when cold. 

Flame —Pale yellow-green. 

With 8. Ph. —Dissolved by 0. F., and treated on 
coal with tin in R. F. becomes gray .to black. 

Interfering Elements. 

Arsenic. —Remove by gentle 0. F. on coal. 

Arsenic with Sulphur. —Remove by gently heating 
in closed tube. 

Copper. —The S. Ph. bead with tin in R. F. may 
be momentarily red, but will blacken. 

Lead or Bismuth. —Retard formation of their 
coats by intermittent blast, or by boracic acid. Confirm 
coat by flame, not by S. Ph. 

IN THE WET WAY. 

1. IDS precipitates orange-red SbzSs from acid so¬ 
lutions. The precipitate is soluble in HC1, in alkalies, 
and in alkaline sulphides. 

To distinguish between SbzOs and SbaCb, add solu¬ 
tion of AgNO, in the presence of KOH or NaOH. 
SbsO precipitates black, Ag40, which is insoluble in 
NILOIT; and SbsOs precipitates white, AgSbO#, which 
is soluble in NPhOH. 

ARSENIC, As. 

WITH the blowpipe. 

On Smoked Plaster. —White coat of octahedral 
crystals. 

On Coal. —Very volatile white coat and strong gar¬ 
lic odor. The oxide and sulphide should be mixed with 
soda. 

With Bismuth Flux:—On Plaster. —Reddish- 
orange coat, made yellow by (NIL^S. 

On Coal. —Faint-yellow coat. 


56 


Qualitative Tests. 


In Open Tube .—White sublimate of octahedral 
crystals. Too high heat may form brown suboxide or 
red or yellow sulphide. 

In Closed Tube .—May obtain white oxide, yellow 
or red sulphide, or black mirror of metal. 

Flame .—Pale azure-blue. 

Interfering Elements. 

Antimony .—Heat in closed tube with soda and 
charcoal, treat resulting mirror in 0. F. for odor. 

Cobalt or Nickel .—Fuse in 0. F. with lead and 
recognize by odor. 

Sulphur. — (a) Eed to yellow sublimate of sulphide 
of arsenic in closed tube. 

(b) Odor when fused with soda on coal. 

IN THE WET WAY. 

1. H 2 S precipitates yellow AszSs best from HC1 
solutions. Soluble in alkalies and alkaline sulphides, 
insoluble in HC1. 

2. H 2 S precipitates yellow, AssSs from acid solu¬ 
tions after heating solution and passing gas for some 
time. 

3. x4gHOs precipitates yellow AgsAsOa or reddish- 
brown AgaAsO*, soluble in dilute acids, ammonia, and 
ammonia salts. 

4. CuSCh precipitates yellowish-green CrnfAsCh^ 
or greenish-blue, CuHAsO*, soluble in NHiOH and 
OT, Cl. 

5. Ammonium magnesia mixture precipitates 
white MgHHiAsOi. 

BARIUM, Ba. 

WITH THE BLOWPIPE. 

On Coal, with Soda .—Fuses and sinks into the coal. 

Flame .—Yellowish green, improved by moistening 
with HC1. 


Qualitative Tests. 


57 


With Borax or S. Ph. —Clear and colorless; can be 
'flamed opaque white. 

IN THE WET WAY. 

1. Alkali carbonates precipitate white BaCOs solu¬ 
ble in HC1 and HNO. Soluble in acids. 

2. Soluble sulphates and IBSO* precipitate ivliite 
BaSCh, which is practically insoluble in acids and wa¬ 
ter. 

Confirm. —By blowpipe test. 

BISMUTH, Bi. 

WITH THE BLOWPIPE. 

On Coal. —In either flame is reduced to brittle 
metal and yields a volatile coat, dark orange-yellow hot, 
lemon^ellow cold, with yellowish-white border. 

With Bismuth Flux (sulphur, 2 parts; potassic 
iodide, 1 part; potassic bisulphate, 1 part) :— On Plas¬ 
ter. —Bright-scarlet coat surrounded by chocolate- 
brown with sometimes a reddish border. The brown 
may be made red by ammonia. (May be obtained by 
heating S. Ph. on the assay.) 

On Coal. —Bright-red coat with sometimes an in¬ 
ner fringe of yellow. 

With S. Ph. —Dissolved by 0. F. and treated on 
'coal with tin in B. F. is colorless hot, but blackish gray 
;and opaque cold. 

Interfering Elements. 

Antimony. —Treat on coal with boracic acid, and 
treat the resulting slag on plaster with bismuth flux. 

Lead. —Dissolve coat in S. Ph., as above. 

IN THE WET WAY. 

1. H 2 S or (NTL^S precipitates brownish-black 
BhSs insoluble in dilute acids, but soluble in strong 
HNCk 

2. HU precipitates from the chloride white BiO 


58 


Qualitative Tests. 


Cl„ insoluble in an excess, but soluble in HC1 and 
HNOa. 

3 . SnCh in the presence of NaOH or KOH pre¬ 
cipitates black BbO. 

Confirm.—By blowpipe test. 

BROMINE, Br. 

WITH THE BLOWPIPE. 

With S. Pli., saturated with CuO .—Treated at tip* 
of blue flame, the bead will be surrounded by greenish- 
blue flame. 

In Matrass with KHSO*. —Brown, choking vapor- 

Interfering Elements. 

Silver .—The bromine melts in KHSO* and forms; 
a blood-red globule, which cools yellow and becomes 
green in the sunlight. 

IN THE WET WAY. 

1 . AgNOa precipitates yellow-white AgBr; changes 
to gray, soluble in KCN, slightly soluble in NILOH r 
insoluble in HNOa. 

Separation of Cl, Br, and I .—Place a solution of 
the mixture in a test-tube with a little MnOa and water,, 
add a drop of dilute ERSO* (one in ten). A brown* 
color indicates I. Boil; violet vapors are given off. 
When these cease add 2 cc. of ERSO* and boil; browrt 
vapors indicate Br. Boil until brown vapors cease and 
cool. When cold, add an equal volume of ERSO* and 
heat; green vapors indicate Cl. 

BORON, B. 

WITH THE BLOWPIPE. 

All borates intumesce and fuse to a bead. 

Flame .—Yellowish green. May be assisted by: (ay 
Moistening with ERSO*; (b) Mixing to paste with wa¬ 
ter, and boracic-acid flux (4% parts KHSO 4 , 1 part 
CaF 2 ); (c) By mixing to paste with ERSO* and NERF, 


Qualitative Tests. 




IN THE WET WAY. 

1. BaCh and CaCl* precipitate white Bas (BO) 2 
and Cas (B03) 2 . 

2. AglSTOa precipitates white AgsBO. 

3. Free boracic acid turns turmeric paper brown¬ 
ish red, becoming more intense when the paper is dried. 
When mixed with HC1 to acid reaction and dried it be¬ 
comes red. 

CADMIUM, Cd. 

WITH THE BLOWPIPE. 

On Coal, R. F. —Dark-brown coat, greenish yellow 
in thin layers. Beyond the coat, at first part of opera¬ 
tion, the coal shows a variegated tarnish. 

On Smoked Plaster with Bismuth Flux. —White 
coat made orange by (NID) 2 S. 

With Borax or S. Ph. —0. F. Clear yellow hot, col¬ 
orless cold; can be flamed milk-white. The hot bead 
touched to NaaSzOs becomes yellow. 

K. F. Becomes slowly colorless. 

Interfering Elements. 

Lead, Bismuth, Zinc. —Collect the coat, mix with 
charcoal dust, and heat gently in a closed tube. Cad¬ 
mium will yield either a reddish-brown ring or a metal¬ 
lic mirror. Before collecting coat treat it with 0. F. to- 
remove arsenic. 

IN THE WET WAY. 

1. IDS or (mD) 2 S precipitates yellow CdS, in¬ 
soluble in dilute acids, alkalies, alkali sulphides, or cy¬ 
anides. Soluble in strong hot HC1, HNOs, and IDSCh. 

2. Zn precipitates from acid and ammoniacal so¬ 
lutions gray Cd. 

3. KOH and FTaOH precipitate ichite Cd(OH) 2 ,. 
insoluble in excess; whilst NIDOH precipitate white 
Cd(0H) 2 , which is soluble in excess. 

Confirm. —By blowpipe test. 


60 


Qualitative Tests. 


CALCIUM, Ca. 

WITH THE BLOWPIPE. 

On Coal , with Soda. —Insoluble, and not absorbed 
by the coal. 

Flame .—Yellowish red, improved by moistening 
with HC1. 

With Borax or S. Ph .—Clear and colorless, can be 
flamed opaque. 

IN THE WET WAY. 

1. ILSCh precipitates white CaSO*, soluble in a 
concentrated solution of (NH^SO*; distinction from 
Ba and Sr. 

2. Alkaline arseniates precipitate CaHASCh, solu¬ 
ble in acids and NHUH. Ba, Sr, and Mg give this pre¬ 
cipitate only in concentrated solutions. Ammonia salts 
must be absent. 

Confirm .—By plowpipe test. 

CARBONIC ACID, CO 2 . 

WITH THE BLOWPIPE. 

With Nitric Acid .—Heat with water and then with 
dilute acid; CO 2 will be set free with effervescence. The 
escaping gas will render lime-water turbid. 

With Borax or S. Ph .—After the flux has been 
fused to a clear bead, the addition of a carbonate will 
■cause effervescence during further fusion. 

IN THE WET WAY. 

1. Add HNOs to substance in a test-tube, and 
pass gas through a solution of lime-water. A white pre¬ 
cipitate CaCOs indicates CO 2 . 

CHLORINE, Cl. 

WITH THE BLOWPIPE. 

With S. Ph., saturated with CuO .—Treated at tip 
of blue flame the bead will be surrounded by an intense 
azure-blue flame. 


Qualitative Tests. 


61 


On Coal, with CuO. —Grind with a drop of H2SO4, 
spread the paste on coal, dry gently in 0. F., and treat 
with blue flame, which will be colored greenish blue 
and then azure-blue. 

IN THE WET WAY. 

1. AgNOs precipitates white AgCl, soluble in 
NILOH. 

CHROMIUM, Cr. 

WITH THE BLOWPIPE. 

With Borax or S. Ph. —0. F. Reddish hot, fine yel¬ 
low green cold. 

R. F. In borax, green hot and cold. In S. Ph. red 
hot, green cold. 

With Soda. —0. F. Dark yellow hot, opaque and 
light yellow cold. 

R. F. Opaque and yellowish green cold. 

Interfering Elements. 

Manganese. —The soda bead in 0. F. will be bright 
yellowish green. 

IN THE WET WAY. 

1. NH*OH precipitates bluish green Cr 2 ( 0 H)e,. 
slightly soluble in excess. 

2. From solutions of CrOa lead salts precipitate 
yellow PbCr04, soluble in HNOa and insoluble in acetic 
acid. Difficulty soluble in KOH. 

3. A very delicate test for Cr as CrOs is by means 
of H 2 O 2 (hydrogen peroxide) and ether, giving a fine 
blue color. 

COBALT, Co. 

WITH THE BLOWPIPE. 

On Coal, R. F. —The oxide becomes magnetic 
metal. The solution in HC1 will be rose-red, but on 
evaporation will be blue. 

With Borax or S. Ph. —Pure blue in either flame. 


62 


Qualitative Tests. 


Interfering Elements. 

Arsenic. —Boast and scorify with successive addi¬ 
tions of borax. There may be, in order given: Yellow 
(iron), green (iron and cobalt), blue (cobalt), reddish 
brown (nickel), green (nickel and copper), blue (cop¬ 
per). 

Copper and other Elements which Color Strongly. 
—Fuse with borax and lead in coal in R. F. The borax 
on platinum wire in 0. F. will show the cobalt, except 
when obscured by much iron or chromium. 

Iron, Nickel, or Chromium. —Fuse in R. F. with 
a little metallic arsenic, then treat as an arsenide. 

Sulphur or Selenium. —Roast and scorify with bo¬ 
rax, as before described. 

IN THE WET WAY. 

1. Fixed alkalies precipitate blue basic salts. This 
precipitate absorbs oxygen and becomes olive-green hy¬ 
droxide. If boiled before oxidation in the air becomes 
rose-red Co( 0 H) 2 ; does not dissolve in excess. HN* 
OH produces the same precipitate, which is soluble in 
excess. 

2 . KaFeCsNs precipitates dark brown CosFeC* 
He) 2 , insoluble in HC1. If to a solution of Co or Hi an 
excess of HHiCl and HH 4 OH is added and then KsFe 
CoHe, a blood-red color indicates Co. If Hi is present, 
and the solution is boiled, a copper-red precipitate 
forms; if any Co is present, a dirty green, on boiling. 

3. To a dilute solution of cobaltous nitrate add 
tartaric or citric acid, then an excess of ammonia, and 
a few drops of potassium ferricyanide; a deep-red color 
appears, even if largely diluted. 

Confirm. —By blowpipe test. 


Qualitative Tests. 


63 


COPPER, Cu. 

WITH THE BLOWPIPE. 

On Coal, R. F. —Formation of red metallic metal. 

Flame.— Emerald-green or azure-blue, according 
to compound. The azure-blue flame may be obtained 
{sulphur, selenium, and arsenic should be removed by 
Toasting; lead necessitates a gentle heat) — 

(a) By moistening with HC1 or aqua regia, drying 
.gently in 0. F., and heating strongly in R. F.; 

(b) By saturating S. Ph. bead with substance, add¬ 
ing common salt, and treating with blue flame. 

With Borax or S. Ph. —0. F. Green hot, blue or 
^greenish blue cold. (By repeated slow oxidation and 
reduction, a borax bead becomes ruby-red.) 

R. F. Greenish or colorless hot, opaque and brown¬ 
ish red cold. With tin on coal this reaction is more 
•delicate. 

Interfering Elements. 

General Method. —Roast thoroughly, treat with bo- 
Tax on coal in strong R. F. (oxides, sulphides, sulphates, 
:are best reduced by a mixture of soda and borax), and— 

If Button Forms. —Separate the button from the 
slag, remove any lead from it by 0. F., and make either 
S. Ph. or flame test upon residual button. 

If No Visible Button Forms. —Add test lead to the 
borax fusion, continue the reduction, separate the but¬ 
ton, and treat as in next test (lead alloy). 

Lead or Bismuth Alloys. —Treat with frequently 
changed boracic acid in strong R. F., noting the ap¬ 
pearance of slag and residual button. 

Trace. —A red spot in the slag. 

Over One Per Cent. —The residual button will be 
bluish green; when melted will dissolve in the slag and 
color it red upon application of the 0. F., or may be re- 


64 


Qualitative Tests. 


moved from the slag and be submitted to either the S - .. 
Ph. or the flame test. 

IN THE WET WAY. 

1. HN^OH produces a deep-blue solution. 

2. NaOH and IvOH when added to saturation, 
precipitate blue CufOH)®, insoluble in excess. When 
boiled the precipitate changes to black Cu302(0H)2. Or¬ 
ganic substances generally prevent the formation of 
this precipitate. 

3. Fe and Zn precipitate metallic copper from 
cupric solutions. 

FLUORINE, F. 

WITH THE BLOWPIPE. 

Etching Test. —If fluorine be released it will cor¬ 
rode glass in cloudy patches, and in presence of silica 
there will be a deposit on the glass. According to the- 
refractoriness of the compound the fluorine may be re¬ 
leased— 

(a) In closed tube by heat; 

(b) In closed tube by heat and KHSO*; 

(c) In open tube by heat and glass of S. Ph. 

With Cone. IPSO* and SiO*. —If heated, and the* 

fumes condensed by a drop of water upon a platinum 
wire, a film of silicic acid will form upon the water. 

IODINE, I. 

WITH THE BLOWPIPE. 

With S. Ph., saturated with CuO. —Treated at the- 
tip of the blue flame, the bead is surrounded by an in¬ 
tense emerald-green flame. 

In Matrass with KHSO*. —Violet, choking vapor 
and brown sublimate. 

In Open Tube, with equal parts Bismuth Oxide r 
Sulphur, and Soda. —A brick-red sublimate. 

With Starch Paper. —The vapor turns the paper 
dark purple. 


Qualitative Tests. 


65 


Interfering Elements. 

Silver. —The iodide melts in KHSO* to a dark-red 
globule, yellow on cooling, and unchanged by sunlight. 

IRON, Fe. 

WITH THE BLOWPIPE. 

On Coal. —R. F. Many compounds become mag¬ 
netic. Soda assists the reaction. 

With Borax. —0. F. Yellow to red hot, colorless to 
yellow cold. (A slight yellow color can only be attrib¬ 
uted to iron when there is no decided color produced by 
either flame in highly-charged beads of borax and S. 
ph.) 

R. F. Bottle-green. With tin on coal, violet-green. 

With S. Ph. —0. F. Yellow to red hot, greenish 
when cooling. Colorless to yellow cold. 

R. F. Red hot and cold, greenish while cooling. 

• State of the Iron. —A borax-blue bead from CuO 
is made red by FeO and greenish by FesCh. 

Interfering Elements. 

Chromium. —Fuse with nitrate and carbonate of 
soda on platinum, dissolve in water, and test residue 
for iron. 

Cobalt. —By dilution the blue of cobalt in borax 
may often be lost before the yellow of iron. 

Copper. —May be removed from borax bead by fu¬ 
sion with lead on coal in R. F. 

Manganese .— (a) May be faded from borax bead 
by treatment with tin on coal in R. F.; 

( b) May be faded from S. Ph. bead by R. F. 

Nickel. —May be faded from borax bead by R. F. 

Tungsten or Titanium. —The S. Ph. bead in R_ F. 
will be reddish brown instead of blue or violet. 

Uranium. —As with chromium. 


66 


Qualitative Tests. 


Alloys, Sulphides, Arsenides, etc. —Roast, treat 
with borax on coal in R. F., then treat borax in R. F. to 
remove reducible metals. 

IN THE WET WAY. 

FeO. — 1 . IOFeCeNc precipitates dark-blue Fes(Fe 
insoluble in acids. 

2. NILOH precipitates white Fe(0H)2. 

Fe*0*. — 1 . YILCYS produces a blood-red solu¬ 
tion. 

3. NILOH precipitates brownish Fe (OH)s. 

LEAD, Pb. 

WITH THE BLOWPIPE. 

On Coal. —In either flame is reduced to malleable 
metal, and yields near the assay a dark lemon-yellow 
coat, sulphur-yellow cold, and bluish white at border. 
(The phosphate yields no coal without the aid of a 
flux.) 

With Bismuth Flux:—On Plaster. —Chrome-yel¬ 
low coat, blackened by (NIL^S. 

On Coal. —Volatile yellow coat, darker hot. 

Flame. —Azure-blue. 

With Borax or S. Ph. —0. F. Yellow hot, colorless 
cold. Flames opaque yellow. 

R. F. Borax bead becomes clear, S. Ph. bead cloudy. 

Interfering Elements. 

Antimony. —Treat on coal with boracic acid, and 
treat the resulting slag on plaster with bismuth flux. 

Arsenic Sulphide. —Remove by gentle 0. F. 

Cadmium. —Remove by R. F. 

Bismuth. —Usually the bismuth-flux tests on plas¬ 
ter are sufficient. In addition the lead coat should 
color the R. F. blue. 


Qualitative Tests. 


67 


IN THE WET WAY. 

1. Zn precipitates crystals of Pb. 

2. HsSCh precipitate white PbSCh, slightly soluble 
in excess, insoluble in alcohol, but soluble in ammon¬ 
ium acetate or citrate. 

3. EPS or (NED)aS precipitates black PbS, soluble 
in HNCh with formation of PbSCk 

4. KiFeCeNs precipitates white Pb 2 FeCeN 8 . 

LITHIUM, Li. 

WITH THE BLOWPIPE. 

Flame. —Crimson, best obtained by gently heating 
near the wick. 

Interfering Elements. 

Sodium. — (a) Use a gentle flame and heat near 
the wick; ( b ) Fuse on platinum wire with baric chlor¬ 
ide in 0. F. The flame will be first strong yellow, then 
green, and, lastly, crimson. 

Calcium or Strontium. —As these elements do not 
color the flame in the presence of baric chloride, the 
above test will answer. 

Silicon. —Make into a paste with boracic-acid flux 
and water, and fuse in the blue flame. Just after the 
flux fuses the red flame will appear. 

IN THE WET WAY. 

1. Nitrophenic acid forms a yellow precipitate. 

2. NazCO precipitates white LiaCOs, slightly solu¬ 
ble in H 2 0. 

Confirm. —By blowpipe and spectroscope. 

MAGNESIUM, Mg. 

WITH THE BLOWPIPE. 

On Coal, with Soda. —Insoluble, and not absorbed 
by the coal. 

With Borax or S. Ph. —Clear and colorless; can be 
flamed opaque-white. 


68 


Qualitative Tests. 


With Cobalt Solution. —Strongly heated, becomes 
a pale-flesh color. (With silicates this action is of use 
only in the absence of coloring oxides. The phosphate, 
arsenate, and borate become violet-red.) 

IN THE WET WAY. 

1. Na^HPO* precipitates, in presence of NtLOH 
and N*HC1, white MgNETPO*. Fine crystals. 

Confirm. —By blowpipe. 

MANGANESE, Mn. 

WITH THE BLOWPIPE. 

With Borax or S. Ph. —0. F. Amethystine hot, red¬ 
dens on cooling. With much, is black and opaque. (The 
colors are more intense with borax than with S. Ph.) 
If a hot bead is touched to a crystal of sodic nitrate an 
amethystine or rose-colored froth is formed. 

R. F. Colorless or with black spots. 

With Soda. —0. F. Bluish green and opaque when 
cold. Sodic nitrate assists the reaction. 

Interfering Elements. 

Chromium. —The soda bead in 0. F. will be bright 
yellowish green instead of bluish green. 

Silicon. —Dissolve in borax, then make soda fusion- 

IN THE WET WAY. 

1. Boil with HNO3, and add peroxide of lead. A 
reddish-violet solution (color of potassium permangan¬ 
ate) indicates Mn. 

MERCURY, Hg. 

WITH THE BLOWPIPE. 

With Bismuth Flux:—On Plaster. —Volatile yel¬ 
low and scarlet coat. If too strongly heated the coat is 
black and yellow. 

On Coal. —Faint-yellow coat at a distance. 

In Matrass, with Dry Soda or with Litharge .— 
Mirror-like sublimate, which may be collected in glo- 


Qualitative Tests. 


69 


bules. (Gold-leaf is whitened by the slightest trace of 
vapor of mercury.) 

IN THE WET WAY. 

1. A piece of bright metallic copper is coated with 
a precipitate of metallic Hg, upon insertion in a solu¬ 
tion of Hg. 

2. SnCh precipitates first white HgaCh and then 
gray Hg. 

To distinguish between mercuTous and mercuric 
compounds HC1 precipitates white HgaCh, soluble in 
aqua regia, HNOs, and NH*C1, and blackened by NEE* 
OH, from mercurous compounds. No precipitate on ad¬ 
dition of HC1 to mercuric compounds. 

MOLYBDENUM, Mo. 

WITH THE BLOWPIPE. 

On Coal. —0. F. A coat yellowish hot, white cold; 
crystalline near assay. 

R. F. The coat is turned in part deep blue, in part 
dark copper-red. 

Flame .—Yellowish green. 

With Borax. —0. F. Yellow hot, colorless cold. 

R. F. Brown to black and opaque. 

With 8. Ph. —0. F. Yellowish green hot, colorless 
cold. (Crushed between damp unglazed paper becomes 
red, brown, purple, or blue, according to amount pres¬ 
ent.) 

R. F. Emerald-green. 

Dilute ( y t HCl Solutions .—If insoluble, the sub¬ 
stance may first be fused with S. Ph. in 0. F. Then, 
if dissolved in the acid and heated with metallic tin, 
zinc, or copper, the solutions will be successively blue, 
green, and brown. If the S. Ph. bead has been treated 
in R. F. the solution will become brown. 


70 


Qualitative Tests. 


IN THE WET AY AY. 

Upon heating the acid solution Avith metallic zinc 
it will turn successively blue, green and brown. 

Confirm. —By ploAvpipe test. 

NICKEL, m. 

WITH THE BLOWPIPE. 

On Coal, R. F. —The oxide becomes magnetic. 

With Borax. —0. F. Violet hot, pale reddish brown 

cold. 

R. F. Cloudy, and finally clear and colorless. 

With S .Pli. —0. F. Red hot, yelloAV cold. 

R. F. Red hot, yelloAV cold. On coal with tin be¬ 
comes colorless. 

Interfering Elements. 

General Method. —Saturate two or three borax 
beads with roasted substance, and treat on coal with 
strong R. F. If a visible button results, separate it 
from the borax and treat Avith S. Ph. in the 0. F., re¬ 
placing the S. Ph. when a color is obtained. If no visi¬ 
ble button results, add either a small gold button or a 
few grains of test-lead. Continue the reduction, and— 

With Gold. —Treat the gold alloy on coal with S. 
Ph. in strong 0. F. 

With Lead. —Scorify button Avith boracic acid to 
small size, complete the removal of lead by 0. F. on 
coal, and treat residual button Avith S. Ph. in 0. F. 

Arsenic. —Roast thoroughly, treat with borax' in 
R. F. as long as it shows color, treat residual button 
with S. Ph. in 0. F. 

Alloys. —Roast and melt with frequently changed 
borax in R. F., adding a little lead if infusible. When 
the borax is no longer colored, treat the residual but¬ 
ton Avith S. Ph. in 0. F. 


Qualitative Tests. 


71 


IN THE WET WAY. 

1. Alkaline carbonates precipitate green basic car¬ 
bonate 2NiC0a, 3M(0H)2, soluble in (NIL^COs or, in 
excess of reagent, with blue or greenish-blue color. Again 
precipitated by KOH or NaOH as pale-green Ni(OH) 2 . 

2. NILOH in excess gives blue color. 

3. KCN precipitates pale-green MC 2 N 2 , soluble in 
excess. Upon boiling with NaCIO, black Ni(OH)3 is 
precipitated. Distinction from Co, which give’s a dirty- 
white precipitate with KCN, soluble in excess, but no 
precipitate being formed on boiling With NaClO. 

NITRIC ACID, HN03. 

WITH THE BLOWPIPE. 

In Matrass with KHSO*, or in Closed Tube with 
Litharge. —Brown fumes with characteristic odor. The 
fumes will turn ferrous-sulphate paper brown. 

IN THE WET WAY. 

1. To the solution, in a test-tube, add a saturated 
solution of ferrous sulphate, and then concentrated sul¬ 
phuric acid (free from HNO; a brown ring between 
the FeSCb and IDSCh indicates HNOs. 

PHOSPHORUS, P. 

WITH THE BLOWPIPE. 

Flame. —Greenish blue, momentary. Improved by 
cone. H 2 SO 4 . 

In Closed Tube with Dry Soda and Magnesium .— 
The soda and substance are mixed in equal parts and 
dried, and made to cover the magnesium. Upon strong¬ 
ly heating there will be a vivid incandescence, and the 
resulting mass, crushed and moistened, will yield the 
odor of phosphuretted hydrogen. 

in the Wet way. 

Orthophosphates. —1. Magnesia mixture precipi¬ 
tates white MgNH4P04. 


72 


Qualitative Tests. 


2. AgNO precipitates light-yellow AgsPO*, solu¬ 
ble in HNCb and OTBOH. 

3. (NH)2MoCb+HN03 precipitates yellow ammon¬ 
ium phospho-molybdate; composition variable. The pre¬ 
cipitate is soluble in NTBOH, in excess of phosphoric 
acid, and is prevented by organic substances, such as tar¬ 
taric acid. 

Pyrophosphate. —1- MgSO* precipitates white 
Mgal^O, soluble in an excess of either solution. FTELOH 
fails to precipitate it from these solutions. On boiling 
it separates again. * By this reaction pyro can be detected 
in the presence of phosphoric acid. 

2. (NTBJaMoO^+HNOs does not give a precipitate 
until orthophosphate is formed. Most of the pyrophos¬ 
phates of the heavy metals (Ag an exception) are solu¬ 
ble in alkali pyrophosphates (distinction from ortho¬ 
phosphates). 

3. AgNOs precipitates white Ag^O?, soluble in 
HNOs and NTBOH. Addition of an alkali aids the pre¬ 
cipitation. 

Metapliosplioric Acid. —1. Magnesia mixture gives 
no precipitate. 

2. (NH^MoCh+fWOs gives no precipitate. 

3. AgNOs precipitates white AgPOs, soluble in al¬ 
kali metaphosphate solutions (distinction from pyro¬ 
phosphates). 

4. Albumen gives a precipitate (distinction from 
ortho and pyrophosphates). 

5. Fusion with NfuCOs converts meta and pvro 
into orthophosphates. 

POTASSIUM, K. 

WITH THE BLOWPIPE. 

Flame. —Violet, except borates and phosphates. 


Qualitative Tests. 


73 


Interfering Elements. 

Sodium. — (a) The flame through blue glass will 
be violet or blue; 

( b ) A bead of borax and a little boracic acid made 
brown by nickel will become blue on addition of a po¬ 
tassium compound. 

Lithium. —The flame through green glass will be 
bluish green. 

IN THE WET WAY. 

1. PtCb with HC1 precipitates yellow crystalline 
{KCl^PtCh. Evaporate to dryness. The precipitate 
is not dissolved by alcohol. 

Confirm. —By blowpipe and spectroscope. 

SELENIUM, Se. 

WITH THE BLOWPIPE. 

On Coal , R. F. —Disagreeable horse-radish odor, 
brown fumes, and a volatile steel-gray coat with a red 
border. 

In Open Tube. —Steel-gray sublimate with red bor¬ 
der, sometimes white crystals. 

In Closed Tube. —Dark-red sublimate and horse¬ 
radish odor. 

Flame. —Azure-blue. 

On Coal, with Soda. —Thoroughly fuse in R. F., 
place on bright silver, moisten, crush, and let stand. The 
silver will be blackened. 

IN THE WET WAY. 

1. FLS precipitates yellow sulphide of selenium, 
soluble in (NIL^S. Upon heating the precipitate turns 
reddish yellow. 

2. SnCh+HCl produces a red precipitate of Se, 
which turns gray at a high temperature. 

3. Metallic copper, when placed in a warm solu¬ 
tion of selenious acid, containing HC1, becomes black; 


74 


Qualitative Tests. 


if the fluid remains long in contact with the copper, it 
turns bright red from separation of selenium. 

Confirm. —By blowpipe tests. 

SILICON, Si. 

WITH THE BLOWPIPE. 

On Coal, with Soda. —With its own volume of soda r 
disolves with effervescence to a clear bead. With more 
soda the bead is opaque. 

With Borax. —Clear and colorless. 

With S. Ph. —Insoluble. The test made upon a 
small fragment will usually show a. translucent mass of 
undissolved matter of the shape of the original frag¬ 
ment. 

When not decomposed by S. Ph., dissolve in borax 
nearly to saturation, add S. Ph., and re-heat for a mo¬ 
ment. The bead will become milky or opaque-white. 

IN THE WET WAY. 

Silicates are determined by the separation of Si(X 
Fuse with NasCOs+NaNCh, dissolve in HC1, and evap¬ 
orate to dryness. Upon evaporation gelatinous silica 
will separate out. Upon heating and dissolving with 
HC1 insoluble SiCb remains behind. 

Confirm. —By blowpipe test. 

SILVER, Ag. 

WITH THE BLOWPIPE. 

On Coal. —Reduction to malleable white metal. 

With Borax or S. Ph. —0. F. Opalescent. 

Cupellation. —Fuse on coal with one volume of 
borax-glass and one to two volumes of test-lead in R. 
F. for about two minutes. Remove button and scorify 
it in R. F. with fresh borax, then place button on cupel 
and blow 0. F. across it, using as strong blast and as 
little flame as are consistent with keeping button 
melted. 


Qualitative Tests. 


7S 

If the litharge is dark, or if the button freezes be¬ 
fore brightening, or if it brightens but is not spherical, 
rescorify it on coal with borax, add more test-lead, and 
again cupel, until there remains only a white spherical 
button of silver. 

Dissolve button in HNO in a glass and if gold is- 
present it will fall to the bottom as a black powder. 

IN THE WET WAY. 

1. HC1 precipitates white AgCl, insoluble in 
HN0 3 , soluble in NHUH. 

2. Cu precipitates metallic Ag. 

3. KI precipitates yellow Agl, insoluble in NH* 
OH, soluble in excess of reagent. 

Confirm. —By blowpipe test. 

SODIUM, Ha. 

WITH THE BLOWPIPE. 

Flame. —Reddish yellow. 

IN' THE WET WAY. 

1. (NaCl^PtCh crystallizes from its concentrated 
solutions in red prisms. 

2. KSbOs (in neutral or alkaline solutions) pre¬ 
cipitates white UaSb03. The reagent should be dis¬ 
solved as wanted, as it is unstable in solution. 

Confirm. —By blowpipe and spectroscope. 

STRONTIUM, Sr. 

WITH THE BLOWPIPE. 

On Coal, with Soda. —Insoluble, absorbed by the 

coal. 

Flame. —Intense crimson, improved by moistening 

with HC1. 

With Borax or S. Ph. —Clear and colorless; can be 
flamed opaque. 

Interfering Elements. 

Barium. —The red flame may show upon first in¬ 
troduction of the sample into the flame, but it is after¬ 
wards turned brownish yellow. 


76 


Qualitative Tests. 


Lithium .—Fuse with baric chloride, by which the 
lithium flame is unchanged. 

IN’ THE WET WAY. 

1. NaOH, NH.OH, Na^CO, (NHO’CCh, and Na* 
HPO* form precipitates which closely resemble those 
produced by these reagents with Ba salts. 

Confirm .—By blowpipe tests. 

SULPHUR, S. 

WITH THE BLOWPIPE. 

On Coal , with Soda and a little Borax. —Thor¬ 
oughly fuse in the R. F. flame, and either, 

(a) Place on bright silver, moisten, crush, and let 
stand. The silver will become brown or black. Or, 

(&)Heat with dilute HC1 (sometimes with pow¬ 
dered zinc); the odor of H 2 S will be observed. 

In Open Tube .—Suffocating fumes. Some sul¬ 
phates are unaffected. 

In Closed Tube .—May have sublimate red when 
hot, yellow cold, or sublimate of undecomposed sul¬ 
phide, or the substance may be unaffected. 

With Soda and Silica (equal parts).—A yellow or 
red bead. 

To Determine whether Sulphide or Sulphate .— 
Fuse with soda on platinum foil. The sulphide only 
will stain silver. 

IN THE WET WAY. 

1. BaCh gives a white precipitate, BaSO*, when 
added to sulphuric-acid solutions. Practically insolu¬ 
ble. 

2. On addition of HNOs to sulphides H 2 S is given 
off. 

TELLURIUM, Te. 

WITH THE BLOWPIPE. 

On Coal .—Volatile white coat with red or yellow 
border. If the fumes are caught on porcelain, the re- 


Qualitative Tests. 


77 


suiting gray or brown film may be turned crimson when 
moistened with cone. EhSCh, and gently heated. 

On Coal with Soda .—Thoroughly fuse in R. F. 
Place on bright silver, moisten, crush, and let stand. 
The silver will be blackened. 

Flame. —Green. 

In Open Tube .—Gray sublimate fusible to clear 
drops. 

With H'-SO*(conc .).—Boiled a moment, there re¬ 
sults a purple-violet solution, which loses color on fur¬ 
ther heating or on dilution. 

IN THE WET WAY. 

1. IBS precipitates brown TeSs from acid solu¬ 
tions. Soluble in (NIL)*S. 

2. Boiled with concentrated TLSO* there results a 
purple-violet solution, which fades upon further heat¬ 
ing or dilution. 

Confirm .—By blowpipe tests. 

TIN, Sn. 

WITH THE BLOWPIPE. 

On Coal. —0. F. The oxide becomes yellow and 
luminous. 

R. F. A slight coat, assisted by additions of sul¬ 
phur or soda. 

With Cobalt Solution .—Moisten the coal in front 
of the assay, with the solution, and blow a strong R. F. 
upon the assay. The coat will be bluish green when 
cold. 

With CuO in Borax Bead .—A faint-blue bead is 
made reddish brown or ruby-red by heating a moment 
in R. F. with a tin compound. 

Interfering Elements. 

Lead or Bismuth Alloys .—It is fair proof of tin if 
such an alloy oxidizes rapidly with sprouting and can¬ 
not be kept fused. 


78 


Qualitative Tests. 


Zinc. —On coal with soda, borax, and charcoal in 
R. F., the tin will be reduced, the zinc volatilized; the 
tin may then be washed from the fused mass. 

IN THE WET WAY. 

Stannous Oxide (SnO).—1. IBS precipitates dark- 
brown SnS, soluble in HC1, in alkalies; moderately sol¬ 
uble in yellow (NH*)aS. 

2. HgCb precipitates white HgaCh, with excess 
black Hg (distinction from stannic compounds). 

3. AuCh with free HC1 or HNCb, a purple precipi¬ 
tate. 

4. Zn precipitates spongy Sn. 

Stannic oxide (SnO*). 

1. IRS precipitates yellow SnS*, soluble in HC1, 
in alkalies and alkaline sulphides. 

2. HgCh no precipitate. 

3. AuCh no precipitate. 

4. Zn precipitates spongy Sn. 

Confirm. —By blowpipe tests. 

TITANIUM, Ti. 

WITH THE BLOWPIPE. 

With Borax. —0. F. Colorless to yellow hot, color¬ 
less cold, opalescent or opaque white by flaming. 

R. F. Yellow to brown, enamel-blue by flaming. 

With Pli. S. —0. F. as with borax. 

R. F. yellow hot, violet cold. 

HCl Solutions. —If soluble, the substance may first 
be fused with S. Ph. or with soda, and reduced. If 
then dissolved in dilute acid and heated with metallic 
tin, the solution will become violet after standing. 
Usually there will also be a turbid violet precipitate, 
which becomes white. 


Qualitative Tests. 


79 


Interfering Elements. 

Iron. —The S. Ph. bead in R. F. is yellow hot, 
brownish-red cold. 

IN THE WET WAY. 

1. NEhOH gives a bulky white precipitate, Ti 
(OH )4 insoluble in excess. 

2. Sn or Zn boiled in acid solutions after some 
time give pale-violet or blue solutions, subsequently a 
blue precipitate, which gradually becomes ivhite. 

Confirm. —By blowpipe. 

TUNGSTEN, W. 

WITH THE BLOWPIPE. 

With Borax. —0. F. Flame colorless to yellow hot, 
colorless cold; can be flamed opaque white. 

R. F. Colorless to yellow hot, yellowish brown cold. 

With S. Ph. —0. F. Clear and colorless. 

R. F. Greenish hot, blue cold. On long blowing or 
with tin on coal becomes dark green. 

With Dilute HCl. —If insoluble, the substance may 
Rrst be fused with S. Ph. The solution heated with tin 
becomes dark blue; with zinc it becomes purple and 
then reddish brown. 

Interfering Elements. 

Iron. —The S. Ph. in R. F. is yellow hot, blood-red 

cold. 

IN THE WET WAY. 

1. SnCh produces a yellow precipitate on acidify¬ 
ing with HCl, and applying heat the precipitate ac¬ 
quires a beautiful blue color. 

2. Heated with HCl and Zn the solution becomes 
purple, and then reddish brown. 

3. KYFeCeNe+HCl gives a deep brownish-red 
color; after some time a precipitate of the same color is 
produced. 


80 


Qualitative Tests. 


URANIUM, U. 

WITH THE BLOWPIPE. 

With Borax. —0. F. Yellow hot, colorless cold; can 
be flamed enamel-yellow. 

R. F. Bottle-green; can be flamed black, but not 
enamelled. 

With S. Ph. —0. F. Yellow hot, yellowish green 

cold. 

R. F. Emerald-green. 

Interfering Elements. 

Iron. —With S. Ph. in R. F. is green hot, red cold. 

IN THE WET WAY. 

1. NIBOH, KOH, and NaOH produce a yellow 
precipitate of uranic hydroxide and alkali. 

2. K^FeCoNe produces a reddish-brown precipi¬ 
tate. 

Confirm. —By blowpipe test. 

VANADIUM, V. 

WITH THE BLOWPIPE. 

With Borax. —0. F. Colorless or yellow hot, green¬ 
ish-yellow cold. 

R. F. Brownish hot, emerald-green cold. 

With S. Ph. —0. F. Dark yellow hot, light yellow 

cold. 

R. F. Brownish hot, emerald-green cold. 

IN THE WET WAY. 

1. IUFeCeNe produces a green flocculent precipi¬ 
tate, insoluble in acids. ' 

2. Dissolved in IDSCh and Zn added the solution 
becomes successively green , blue , bluish violet , and lav¬ 
ender. 


Qualitative Tests. 


81 


3. An acidified solution of vanadates upon being 
shaken with hydrogen dioxide acquires a red tint; if 
ether is then added, and the solution shaken, its retains 
its color, the ether remaining colorless. 

ZINC, Zn. 

WITH THE BLOWPIPE. 

On Coal. —0. F. The oxide becomes yellow and 
luminous. 

R. F. Yellow coat, white when cold, assisted by 
soda and a little borax. 

With Cobalt Solution. —Moisten the coal in front 
of the assay, with the solution, and blow a strong R. F. 
upon the assay. The coat will be bright yellow-green 
when cold. 

Interfering Elements. 

Antimony. —Remove by strong 0. F., or by heating 
with sulphur in closed tube. 

Cadmium, Lead, or Bismuth. —The combined coats 
will not prevent the cobalt-solution test. 

Tin. —The coats heated in an open tube, with char¬ 
coal dust by the 0. F., may yield white sublimate of 
zinc. 

11ST THE WET WAY. 

1. Alkali hydroxides precipitate white Zn(0H)2, 
soluble in excess of precipitant. 

2. EhS precipitates (from neutral or acetic acid 
solution) white ZnS. 

3. KTFeCsNe percipitates white ZmFeCeNe, insolu¬ 
ble in very dilute solutions of HC1. 

4. (NIB^S precipitates white ZnS, insoluble in. 
IvOH and HC^HaCk 

Confirm. —By blowpipe test. 

Furenan’s “Manual of Practical Assaying; 1 ’ Prof. Moses on “Useful? 

Tests, 11 School of Mines Quarterly, vol. xi, no. 1. 






PART III. 


Determinative Mineralogy* 





PART III. 


DETERMINATIVE MINERALOGY. 

The Determination of Minerals by Their Physical Prop¬ 
erties With the Aid of Tables. 

Physical Properties of Minerals .—To make an off¬ 
hand determination of the more common minerals met 
with is an attainment easily acquired; and it is an art 
in which the intelligent prospector, miner, and mining 
man should become expert. 

While in nature there are minerals so nearly iden¬ 
tical in their physical characteristics as to require even 
chemical analysis in order to distinguish them, in the 
majority of cases, however, it will be found, that on 
close examination, marked differences may be discerned 
and of sufficient prominence, to at once distinguish any 
one species from any other to which it may at first bear 
a striking resemblance. 

Minerals differ.—(1) In their action before the 
blowpipe (B. B.). (2) They differ in lustre. (3) 

Color. (4) Hardness (H.). (5) Streak. (6) Fracture 
and cleavage. (7) Tenacity. (8) Crystalline system 
(Crys. Syst.). (9) Fusibility (Fusib.). (10) In Spe¬ 
cific Gravity (Gr). These distinguishing characteristics 
of minerals are described below in the order in which 
they appear in the Analytical Tables of minerals (Page 
95). These tables afford all necessary data (when 
taken in connection with the blowpipe tests , page 46) 
for the accurate determination of some three hundred 




86 


Properties of Minerals. 


and forty-five mineral species. In order that the young 
student may make rapid progress in the study of the 
science of mineralogy, the following suggestions are of¬ 
fered for his benefit: In the first place he should se¬ 
cure a good working collection of well selected minerals, 
accurately determined and labeled. ( For which see page 
182). With a working collection of 100 or more spe¬ 
cimens the student should next familiarize himself 
with the use of the blowpipe, and to this end he should 
reproduce or verify as many as possible (or all) of the 
blowpipe tests given on pages 54 to 81. The blowpipe 
outfits described on page 46 and page 178 are especially 
recommended for his use. Mineral specimens illustrat¬ 
ing the scales of lustre, color, hardness, fusibility, crys¬ 
tallization, etc., (as described below and given on page 
178), should by all means form a part of his outfit. 

We will now proceed with a description of the phys¬ 
ical properties of minerals, and after fully describing 
the nature of these properties, we will arrange them in 
tables with the names of the mineral species in accord¬ 
ance with the degree of which the respective species par¬ 
take of these properties. 

FIRST PROPERTY. 

COMPOSITION. 

Minerals differ in their chemical composition, 
and in extreme cases even quantitative chemi¬ 
cal analysis must be resorted to in order to dis¬ 
tinguish them. The qualitative blowpipe tests (page 
54.) will in general be found fully sufficient to indicate 
the chemical composition of mineral near enough for 
all practical purposes of identification. It should here 
be borne in mind that minerals are of definite chemical 
composition, whileores, like rocks (page 149), may con¬ 
sist of two or more minerals. In testing a mineral. 


Properties of Minerals. 


87 


therefore, the single mineral should be taken, not a mix¬ 
ture of mineral, otherwise the analysis would be mis¬ 
leading. 

Where the complete chemical analysis of the min¬ 
eral species are not given in the tables, those elements 
forming their composition are stated in all cases. 

SECOND PROPERTY. 

LUSTRE. 

The lustre of minerals depends on that 
property possessed by some to reflect light from their 
surface. The kinds of lustre are: 

(a) Metallic. The usual lustre of metals. 

(b) Vitreous. —The lustre of broken glass. 

(c) Resinous. —The lustre of the yellow resins. 

( d) Pearly. —Like pearl, talc, etc. 

(e) Greasy. —Looking as if smeared with oil. 

(/) Silky. —Like silk, a fibrous structure. 

( g) Adamantine. —The lustre of the diamond. 

(h) Splendent. —Reflecting light with great bril¬ 
liancy and giving well defined images. 

( i) Shining .—The image produced is not well de¬ 
fined. 

(j) Dull .—A total absence of lustre, earthy. 

Minerals are transparent when the outlines of ob¬ 
jects viewed through them are distinct; sub transparent 
when objects are seen but their outlines are indistinct; 
translucent when light is transmitted, but objects are 
not seen; subtranslucent when merely the edges trans¬ 
mit light faintly, and opaque when no light is trans¬ 
mitted at all. (J. D. Dana.) 

THIRD AND FOURTH PROPERTIES. 

COLOR AND STREAK. 

In distinguishing minerals both the external 
color and the color of a surface that has been 


88 


Properties of Minerals. 


abraded or scratched with a knife or tile are 
observed. The latter is called the Streak and the pow¬ 
der abraded the Streak Powder. The colors are either 
metallic or unmetallic. The metallic are named after 
some familiar metal, as copper red bronze yellow, brass 
yellow, steel gray, lead gray, etc. 

The unmetallic colors used in characterizing min¬ 
erals are various shades of white, gray, black, blue , 
green, yellow, red and brown. 

FIFTH PROPERTY. 

HARDNESS (WRITTEN H). 

To ascertain the comparative hardness of 
a mineral, it is only necessary to draw a file 
across the specimen or to make trials of scratch¬ 
ing one with another. As standards of comparison the 
following minerals have been selected, increasing grad¬ 
ually in hardness from talc, which is very soft, to the 
diamond, the hardest substance' known. This table, 
called the scale of hardness, is as follows: 

Talc=l, Rock salt=2, Calcite=3, Flourite=4, Apa- 
tite=5, Orthoclase=6, Quartz=7, Topaz=8, Sapphire 
=9, Diamond=10. 

SIXTH PROPERTY. 

FRACTURE AND CLEAVAGE. 

If a mineral has a poor cleavage and 
separates or breaks almost as readily in one 
direction as in another, smooth, curved surfaces 
often result. This kind of fracture is called 
conchoidal. Fracture is said to be uneven if on break¬ 
ing rough, irregular surfaces are exhibited, hackly when 
a jagged, irregular surface like that of broken cast iron 
results and splintery when the mineral breaks in splin¬ 
ters or needles. 


Properties of Minerals. 


89 


Cleavage is that property possessed by most min¬ 
erals to part or break in certain directions. The direc¬ 
tion of cleavage is always parallel to the faces of the 
.geometrical figure to which the mineral tends to as¬ 
sume, and generally will indicate its crystalline system. 

In the I, or isometric system cleavage is generally 
■cubic, octahedral and dodechedral. In the VI, or hex¬ 
agonal system the cleavage is said to be basal when the 
•cleavage is parallel to the base of the prism, and 'pris¬ 
matic when parallel to the sides. If the cleavage is 
equal in three directions, but not at right angles to one 
another, the mineral belongs to the ft, or rhombic form 
of crystalization, and is designated as rhombohedral. 
In the remaining systems the term basal expresses cleav¬ 
age as taking place at right angles to the vertical axis 
of the crystal. Cleavage is called pinacoidal when it is 
in one direction parallel to the vertical pinacoids of the 
III, IV, or V systems. In the II system, if the cleav¬ 
age is in two directions parallel to the sides of a prism 
it is called prismatic , or in general, the term prismatic 
means that the cleavage is easiest parallel to the long 
sides of the crystal of which the mineral partakes. (See 
Determinative Mineralogy and Blowpipe Analysis by 
Brush and Penfield, Pages 155 to 225.) 

SEVENTH PROPERTY. 

TENACITY. 

The following terms are used in denoting those 
•characteristics possessed by some minerals, such as ap¬ 
pear in the columns of the tables under the headings of 
Tenacity : 

(a) Brittle .—When a mineral breaks easily, or 
when parts of the mineral separates in powder on at¬ 
tempting to cut it. 


9 


Properties of Minerals. 


(b) Malleable. —When slices may be cut off, and 
these slices will flatten out under the hammer. 

(c) Sectile. —When thin slices may be cut oft with 
a knife. All malleable minerals are sectile. 

(d) Flexible. —When minerals will bend and re¬ 
main bent after the bending force is removed. 

(e) Elastic. —When after being bent it will spring 
back to its original position. 

EIGHTH PROPERTY. 

CRYSTALLINE SYSTEM. 

Six systems of crystallization are recognizable 
among minerals, and these occur under an indefinite- 
number of geometrical forms, but the system to which 
the crystal belongs is indicated by its mathematical 
symmetry, and in any case will be found to belong to- 
one of the following six fundamental systems: 

I. isometric, or the cube , in which the three 
axes are rectangular in intersection, and equal. 

II. tetragonal, or the right prism with square 
bases, in which the three axes are rectangular in inter¬ 
section; the two lateral axes equal, and unequal to the 
vertical. 

III. orthorhombic, or the right rectangular 
prism, including also the right prism with equilateral 
rhombic bases, in which the three axes are rectangular 
in intersection, and unequal. 

IY. monoclinic, or the oblique prism with rect¬ 
angular bases, in which there are only one oblique in¬ 
clination out of the three made by the intersecting axes r 
and the three axes are unequal. 

Y. triclinic, or the oblique prism with rhombic 
bases , in which all the axes are obliquely inclined to one 
another, and unequal. 


Properties of Minerals. 


91 


VI. hexagonal, or the six-sidecl prism (including 
also the rhombrohedral section (It), or the three-sided 
pyramid), in which the vertical axes are at right angles’ 
to the lateral; the lateral three in number, and inter¬ 
secting at angles of 60 degrees. (See Dana's Manual 
of Mineralogy, under System of Crystallization.) 

NINTH PROPERTY. 

FUSIBILITY. 

The following is the scale of fusibility which has 
been adapted, beginning with the most fusible mineral, 
stibnite , it increases to bronzite, a mineral scarcely fusi¬ 
ble at all; the scale is, for: 

Stibnite—1.—Fusible in large pieces in the candle 
flame. 

Natrolite=2.—Fusible in small splinters in the 
candle flame. 

Red Garnet=3.—Fusible in large pieces* with ease 
in the blowpipe flame. 

Actinolite = 4.—Fusible in large pieces with diffi¬ 
culty in the blowpipe flame. 

Orthoclase=5.—Fusible in small splinters with dif¬ 
ficulty in the blowpipe flame. 

Bronzite=6.—In the blowpipe flame, scarcely fusi¬ 
ble at all. 

TENTH PROPERTY. 

SPECIFIC GRAVITY (g). 

The specific gravity of a mineral is its weight com¬ 
pared with that of distilled water, at 60° F. If a min¬ 
eral weighs twice as much as a volume of water equal to 
itself, its specific gravity is 2; if three times, it is 3, 
and so on. The most practicable way of determining 
specific gravities is as follows: Take a light glass bot¬ 
tle (specific gravity bottle) and balance it on the scales* 


92 


Properties of Minerals. 


Now fill to the brim with water and balance again; the 
amount of weight added is equal to the weight of water 
in the bottle; note this weight, = A. Now pour out a 
few drops of water, and weigh again, noting the weight 
as before, = B. Next add the coarsely powdered min¬ 
eral until the water is again to the brim, and note the 
weight, — C. The first weight diminished by the second 
is equal to the weight of water poured out, = (A—B), 
and the third weight diminished by the second, is equal 
to the weight of the mineral, = (C—B) ; therefore, 
(C—B) -j- (A—B) = the Specific gravity sought. An 
example will best illustrate this: Suppose, after bal¬ 
ancing the empty bottle on the scales as described, then 
filled to the brim with water, it is found that on adding 
to the other end of the scales 22.523 gms. the scales are 
balanced. 

Then weight of water in bottle.=22.523 gms=A 

Wt. of water after pouring out a few drops=20.559 “ =B 

Therefore, the weight of water poured out= 1.964 “ =(A-B) 

After filling to the brim with ore, weight=25.808 “ =C 
Subtract weight of water after pouring out 

a few drops, or. 20.559 “ =B 

Then weight of ore in flask.= 5.249 “ =(C-B) 

Now since the wt. of ore (5.249) divided by the wt. 
of its equal volume of water (1.964) is the specific grav¬ 
ity of the ore, we have: 5.249 1.964 = 2.672 = G. = 

[ (C—B) ~ (A—B) ]. Therefore, 2.672 is the Specific 
gravity sought. 

Another method of determining specific gravities is 
to suspend the lump of mineral from a silk thread; 
weighing first in the air. This wt. is called A. The 
mineral is then suspended and weighed emersed in wa¬ 
fer. This wt. is called B, and (A—B) is called C. Then 
A ~ C = Gr, = the specific gravity sought. 








Introduction to Tables. 


93 


INTRODUCTION TO THE ANYLATICAL TA¬ 
BLES OF MINERALS. 

The names of minerals as they appear in the fol¬ 
lowing tables are grouped according to the most promi¬ 
nent metal, or element, entering into their composition. 
Brief descriptions of each mineral as given in the tables 
are of typical specimens and they are arranged in the 
following order: In the first column is found the names 
of the minerals; in the second column, their chemical 
composition (deduced from formulae or analyses) ; in 
the third, lustre , etc. 

Determination of Minerals By the Tables. —To do 
this test the specimen to be determined very carefully, 
and ascertain its physical properties; form some idea 
of the group to which it belongs (i. e., whether a lead 
mineral, silver mineral, copper mineral, etc.), and note 
on a slip of paper the following: First, the Group; 
second, note its Lustre; third, its Color; fourth, Hard¬ 
ness (H); fifth, Streak; sixth, break and note 
its Fratcture and Cleavage; seventh, note (when 
breaking) its Tenacity; eighth, if not otherwise 
recognizable, examine with a magnifying glass, and 
note its Crystalline System (Crys. Syst.) ; ninth, note 
its Fusibility by holding a small splinter of the min¬ 
eral with one end held between the points of the plati¬ 
num forceps and the other in the reducing flame (R. F.) 
of the blowpipe; note the degree by which its edges be¬ 
come rounded and by which the splinter is consumed, or 


94 


Introduction to Tables. 


not affected at all, and tenth, Specific Gravity (G); this 
may become necessary in order to render the compari¬ 
son decisive. 

Having formed some idea of the group to which the 
specimen belongs, and completed the foregoing tests; 
take the slip of paper containing the written summary 
of physical properties, and turn to the Tables, and 
search (under those groups to which the mineral is 
thought to belong) for a description which will nearest 
compare with that of the specimen. 

If the evidence found in the table is sufficient to 
identify the specimen, call it by the name given to that 
mineral appearing in the first left hand column opposite 
its description. 

All questions of doubt arising from approximate 
determination of mineral species by the tables should be 
settled by means of the blowpipe, or by some other relia¬ 
ble method of chemical analysis. (See Qualitative Tests, 
pages 54-81.) 


Analytical Tables of Minerals. 


DIVISION i. 


MINERALS FORMING ORE. 


The ores of the mines may consist of a mixture of 
two or more minerals, or of a single one. The minerals 
forming the ores generally occur in a more or less im¬ 
pure state, and “hence” they are variable in composi¬ 
tion—a result due to imperfect crystallization. 

In the following division the more common min¬ 
erals valuable for ores (when occurring in workable 
quantities), are described. Being able to identify or 
recognize the kind of minerals present in an ore, an ap¬ 
proximate estimate of its value is made possible in any 


case. 





96 


Gold 


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Silver 


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98 


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SILVER MINERALS (CONTINUED) 


Silver. 


99 



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COPPER MINERALS 


100 


Copper, 




































































COPPER MINERALS (CONTINUED) 


Copper 


101 





























































COPPER MINERALS (continued) 


102 


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Copper—Lead 


103 






































































LEAD MINERALS (continued) 


104 


Lead 








































































Lead 


105 













































































LEAD MINERALS (continued) 


106 


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108 


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COBALT AND NICKEL MINERALS (continued) 


Cobalt and Nickel 


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110 


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MINERALS (CONTINUED) 


112 


Iron 


0 


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MANGANESE MINERALS 


Manganese 


113 






















































































CADMIUM, TIN AND TITANIUM MINERALS 


114 


Cadmium, Tin and Titanium 





































































































URANIUM AND TUNGSTEN MINERALS (continued) 


Uranium and Tungsten 


115 





















































































116 


Rare Elements 














































CERIUM, YTTRIUM, ERBIUM, LANTHANUM AND DIDYMIUM MINERALS (con.) 


Rare Elements—Aluminium 


117 


















































































ALUMINIUM MINERALS (CONTINUED) 


118 


Aluminium 
















































































Aluminium 


119 
















































































MAGNESIUM MINERALS 


120 


Magnesium—Calcium 


d 

1- 

O 

CO 

1 

cm 

i 

*o >.o 

* r 

CM CM 

1 

CM CO 

CO TO 

1.7 

2.97 


d 

3.- 

3.25 

2.33 

Fusib. 

o 

rH cc 

O 


rH 

CO 


Fusib. 

CO 

1 -N 

CO CO 

2 e 

O Xi 

— 

•1 
* r-H 

• i-H /“ —■ 

^ K 

• I-H — ^ 

p>5 

ITT 

• hH 


t H 

3 £ 
Ocfl 

* 

AI 
• 

TENACITY 

Brittle 

Brittle 

Flexible 

Brittle 

Very soluble. 
Ta.-te saline 
>u»d bitter 

Brittle 


TENACITY 

Brittle 

Flexible. 

Brittle in 

opposite 

directions 

Fracture & 
Cleavage 

F. cubic 

F. conclioidal 
C. basal 

M H 

P 

m 

a 

• 

O 

C. rhombo- 
liedral 

F. concln idal 
C. pinacoidal 

F. conclioidal 


Fracture & 
Cleavage 

F. uneven 

C. octahedral 

C. three 

directions 

Pinacoidal 

STREAK 

0 

<*-> — 

O ' 

—i x 

> s - 
> tl 

White 

White or 
gray 

White or 
gray 

White 

U 

O 

o 

S3 >> 

— 

!> to 

C0 

-1 

< 

£ 

(J 

z 

STREAK 

White or 
gray 

White to , 
gray 

• 

k—I 
k-H 

1 

iO r£> 

lO 

CM 

vw 

1 -*N 

CO 

. ^ 

CM CM 

Crys. 

7 

i 

• 

k-H 
k—1 


! 

i—» CM 

COLOR 

o a 
+* c 

-£ 
.2 fcJ 

► i 

tZ cc 

White 

a 

mJ 

£ O 

c-C3 c/- 
a> c« — 
P 
&> 

-P P a 
^ U. C£ 

White, yellow¬ 
ish or grayish 
to brown 

White 

White or gray¬ 
ish, yellowish 
or greenish 

CALCIUM 

COLOR 

Whitish green 
purple, blue 
and reddish 

White, yellow¬ 
ish, reddish 
and brown 

LUSTRE 

Vitreous 

P 

s| 

£ | 
•-< ^ 

2 4 

hOk 

- p 

3 £ Cd 

^ kH 

Silky to 
vitreous. 
Transparent 
to opaque 

Vitreous to 
earthy 

Vitreous 

LUSTRE 

Vitreous 

Adamantine 

Translucent 

Vitreous 
Pearly 
Crystals are 
transparent 

COMPOSITION 

PER CENT 

Magnesium . 55.5 

Oxygen . . 44.5 

Magnesium . 55.8 

Fluorine . 44.2 

Magnesia . ...69. 

Water.31. 

Magnesia . 47.6 

Carbon dioxide . 52.4 

Magnesia . 16.3 

Sulp -ur trioxide... 32.5 
Water..51.2 

Boron trioxide . 62. 

Magnesia.31. 

Chlorine. 7. 


COMPOSITION 

PER CENT 

Calcium . 51.3 

Fluorine . 48.7 

Lime . 32.6 

Water.20.9 

Sulphur trioxido... 46.5 

CO 

cd 

W 

x; 

k-H 

Periclasite 

c> 

■4-* 

"3 

CO 

Brucite 

• 

Magnesite 

Epsomite 

Boracite 


MINERALS 

Fluorite 

Gypsum 




























































































































Calcium 


12l 



• 

o 

kO U- 

kO 

O 

CM 

TJ< 

c r> ko 
▼H CM 

.71- 

.8 


CO 

©i 

Jb o 


cm cm 

T“H 

CM* 

CO cc 

CM Cl 


CM* 

CM CM 


Fusib. 

\W 

1 Hs 

CO CO 

▼H 

rH 

vC4 

1 

UO iO 

O 

O 

o 

O 


g H 

cs 5 
Oce 

•*—1 
• —H 
•r-l 


AI 

• 

VI 

•hH ^ 

C/3 

W 

a 

i 

* r—1 

• l-H /—\ 


H 

M 

©> 

O 

CO 

O 3 

O 

© 

o 

4-5 

M 

© 

h 

© 

© 

44 © 

2 '& 
0 

© 


z 

w 

4-5 

4-5 

^ o 
ss 

4-> 

44 

4-> 

44 

44 

© 

> 

4» w 

4-5 

44 

□ 

H 

H 

« 

—< • —< 

CQ 

u 

« 

H 

Ph 

Ph 

t-. ► ' 

^ ^ 3 

H 

rrs 

HH 

Li 

D 

Z 

H 

Z 

0 

o 

Fracture & 
Cleavage 

C. three 
direct ion r ; 

(1.0°) 

C. fibrous 

F. uneven 

C. pinacoidal 

F. uneven 

C. basal 

C. lhombohe- 
dral 

Earthy 

13 

►i 17 

© o 
> © 

© cd 

C fl 

r— 

^ a 

C. rhombelie- 

dral 

03 

-1 

< 

££ 

Ly 

2 

STREAK 

White cr 
gray 

White 

White to 
gray 

H 

0 

© 

S3 >> 

i i 

Whito or 
gray 

Unchanged 

White to 
gray 

White or 
gray 

i 

hH 

H—1 

v« 

1 -N 

CO CO 


\N 

1 -N 

uo 

CO 

Very 

rolt 

i 

co-h 

i 

CO -H< 

D 

O 

-J 

< 

COLOR 

White or 
tinged with 
gray, red 
or blue 

Snow-white 
to gray 

Gray to 
yellowish 
to while 

Greenish to 
blue; reddish- 
brown 

Whitish to 
yellowish; of 
various tints 

O 

4^ 

£ 

Whitish, yel¬ 
low, brown 
to black 

Whitish, yel¬ 
low, brown 
to black 

o 

LUSTRE 

Pearly. 
Transparent 
to sub- 
translucent. 

Silky and in 
round balls 
like cotton pod 

Pearly to 
vitreous 

Vitreous 
Transparent 
to opaque 

Vitreous. 
Fibrous to 
silky. S >mc 
transparent 

Earthy 

Vitreous. 
Transparent 
to translucent 

Vitreous or 
pearly. 
Transparent 
to translucent 


COMPOSITION 

PER CENT 

Lime.41.2 

Sulphur trioxido... 53.8 
(No Water) 

Calcium 

Sodium 

Boron 

Water 

Calcium 

Boron 

Oxygen 

Water 

Lime. 53.8 

Chlorine. 6.8 

Phosphorus 

pentoxide.30.4 

Lime. 56. 

Carbon dioxide.... 44. 

Lime. 53. 

Carbon dioxide.... 41. 

Lime. 53. 

Carbon dioxide.... 44. 

Calcium carbonate 54.35 
Magnesium 

carbonate. 45.C5 


MINERALS 

Anhydrite 

4^ 

s 

Colemanite 

Apatite 

Calcitc 

Chalk 

o 

•3 

o 

d 

u 

< 

Dolomite 






























































































BARIUM, STRONTIUM, POTASSIUM, SODIUM AND AMMONIUM MINERALS 


Barium, Strontium, Etc. 


122 

















































































, STRONTIUM, POTASSIUM, SODIUM AND AMMONIUM MINERALS (con.) 


Barium, Strontium, Etc 


123 









































































ACID MINERALS— SULPHUR, TELLURIUM, BORON AND MOLYBDENUM 


124 


Acid Minerals 


G. 

t'- 

o 

in 

1 

t-H CO 

do 


1 

lO 

—r oo 

Hh 

1.4S 

NIC, ANTIMONY, BISMUTH AND CARBON 

G. 

1 

%n »o 

m m 

1 

-h* m 

CO CO 

1 

CO CO 

CO CO 

Fustb. 

rH 

rH 


O 


w 

M 

m 

P 

i 

Vo!. 

i 

Vol. 

rH 

7) cj 

s* 

Oc/] 

ITT 

• HH - — n 

P3 


IA 

> 

5S 

Oca 

•hH *— 

• H- 1 

• hH 

• Hr 

iv 

TENACITY 

Brittle. 

Barns with 
bine flame 

Brittle 


Sectile 

b cine. 

Taste saline 
and bitter 

Tenacity 

Brittle 

Sectile 

Sectile to 

britt.e 

Fracture & 
Cleavage 

F. conclioidal 
or uneven 

C. prismatic 
perfect 


C. basal 
Foliated 
like graphite 

F. fibrous 

C. basal 

Fracture & 
Cleavage 

C. basal 

** 

H C 

—i • —i 

<D 

► « 

£ 

3 Ox 

• • 

F. conclioidal 

C. pinacoida! 

STREAK 

Unchanged 

White or 
gray 

White or 
gray 

White or 
gray 

White or 
gray 

STREAK 

Tin-white 

Yellow 

Yellow 

HH 

1 

vlNsN 

-C- 

rH CM 

i* 

C 4 CM 

VG* 

CM 

1 HS 

rr r—H 

rH 

H. 

CO 

i 

tH CM 

1 

rH CM 

COLOR 

Sulphur to 
orange-yellov. 

Tin-white 

White or 
yellowish 

Lcad-giay 

White or 
yellowish 

COLOR 

Tin-white 
to grayish 

Fine-yellow 

Clear-ro 1 to 
orange-yellow 

LUSTRE 

Resinous 
Transparent 
to translucent 

Metallic 

Metallic 

(Minute 

crvstals) 

Metallic 

Pearly 
(In scales) 

hi 

If) 

ft 

< 

1 

C f) 

-J 

< 

ft 

U1 

z 

i 

D 

O 

LUSTRE 

Metallic 

1 

pO 

wj M 

• d cc 

>>03 a 
"T—* a. 

a 

S-c g 

Resinous 

Transparent 

COMPOSITION 

PER CENT 

Sulphur. May contain 
Clay, Bitumen and 

S denium 

Tellurium. May con¬ 
tain traces of Gold and 
a little Iron 

Tellurium. : 0.1J 

Oxygen. 19.88 

Molybdenum.59. 

Sulphur . 4 1. 

Boron trioxido.56.4 

Water.43.6 

COMPOSITION 

PER CENT 

Arsenic 

Arsenic . 61. 

Sulphur.39. 

Arsenic. 70.1 

Sulphur. 29.9 

MINERALS 

Native 

Sulphur 

Native 

Tellurium 

Tellurite 

Molybdenite 

Sassolite 

< 

MINERALS 

Native 

Arsenic 

Orpiment 

Realgar 














































































































ACID MINERALS—ARSENIC, ANTIMONY, BISMUTH AND CARBON (con.) 


Acid Minerals 


125 









































































HYDROCARBON MINERALS 


126 


Hydrocarbons—Coal 



























































Coal 


127 













































































Analytical Tables of Minerals. 


DIVISION II. 


MINERALS FORMING ROCKS. 


SILICA AND THE SILICATES. 


LUSTRE, UNMETALLIC. 
STREAK, WHITE OR GRAY. 


The terrane’s or earth’s crust is made out of differ¬ 
ent kinds of rocks, and these rocks are made out of the- 
various minerals met with in nature. Rocks are dis¬ 
tinguished from each other by the kind of minerals 
forming them; it is, therefore, necessary that we be able 
to identify these minerals in order to make the proper 
classification of roclc formations. 

In the fololwing division only the silicon minerals,. 
forming rocks, are described; these include also many 
varieties possessing considerable commercial value, and 
when occuring in workable quantities they might be- 
termed “ores.” The minerals of calcium and aluminum 
are important minerals of the rock forming kind, but 
they are here included under Division I with the ores- 







SILICA OR QUARTZ | SPSS'S 3 


Silica or Quartz 


129 


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cd 

a 

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pi 

© 

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0 


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cd 

ft 

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d 

c 

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cm }g cm 
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d pH 

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3£U’3©^WJ 






















































































130 


Silica or Quartz 




















































BISILICATES 


Bisilicates. 


131 















































































132 


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UNISILICATES 


Unsilicates 


133 




























































134 


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SCAPOLITE 


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135 





































































136 


Feldspar Group 











































































MICA CROUP 


Mica Group 


137 






































































MICA GROUP (CONTINUED) 


138 


Subsilicates 








































































SUBSILICATES (CONTINUED) 


Subsilicates 


139 

























































SUBSiLICATES (continued) 


140 


Hydrous Subsilicates 
















































































HYDROUS SUBSILICATES (CHLORITE CROUP) (continued) 


Hydrous Subsilicates 


141 










































































HYDROUS SILICATES (ZEOLITE CROUP) 


142 


Hydrous Silicates 
















































































HYDROUS SILICATES 


Hydrous Silicates 


143 


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HYDROUS SILICATES (CONTINUED) 


144 


Hydrous Silicates 













































































Hydrous Silicates 


145 





























































PART IV. 


Naming Rocks. 
Glossary of Mining Terms. 






























































































































PART IV. 


NAMING ROCKS. 

EXPLANATION OF TERMS 

Rocks are mineral aggregates, or in other words 
they are inorganic substances formed by the chemical or 
mechanical union of two or more minerals. Rocks, like 
minerals, exhibit different forms and various physical 
and chemical characteristics, certain terms are applied 
to rocks in accordance with these features, by which 
their appearance and structure are broadly expressed. 
For example:: A rock, when sandy, is said to be arena¬ 
ceous; or when it is clayey it is called argillaceous; when 
it contains much lime it is called calcareous; or much 
silica, it is termed silicious. 

A sedimentary rock is one which has resulted from 
the chemical or mechanical precipitation of sediment. 

An aqueous rock has been formed by the action of 
water. 

An igneous rock is one which has its origin in fire, 
either directly or indirectly. 

A stratified rock is one in which the lines of de¬ 
posit are clearly marked in layers and such layers point 
to aqueous origin. 

An unstratified rock, on the contrary, has no such 
lines, and with one or two exceptions such rocks are of 
igneous origin. 

Metamorphic rocks are those in which some change 
has been induced due to crystallization after deposit. 
The term metamorphic is generally restricted to rock 
formerly of sedimentary or aqueous origin. 



150 


Naming Rocks. 


Crystalline is a term employed to express the struc¬ 
ture of rocks. Many rocks which appear to the unaided 
eye to be compact or massive, under the microscope 
often exhibit complete crystalline structure. 

Glassy, or vitreous , are terms used to express the 
presence of glass which occurs in the bases of most all 
igneous rocks. 

Porphyritic is the term employed to denote a struc¬ 
ture in which a few crystals have separated themselves 
out and crystallized apart from the ground mass of the 
rock; a rock is said to be porphyritic especially when 
these crystals consist of feldspar. 

Amygdaloidal rocks are those in which the almond- 
shaped vesicles have been filled up by other minerals 
brought in, probably by percolating water, such min¬ 
erals are termed “zeolites.” 

Vesicular rocks are those containing spherical cav- 
aties. 

Fluidal is a term applied to rocks of a wavy or 
streaky appearance; it is common in rhyolyte, and marks 
the movement of particles in a once molten rock. 

Schistose is the name given to a structure which 
has been induced in rocks by metamorphism. The struc¬ 
ture consists in the arrangement in wavy, irregular lines 
and layers of the different minerals. 

Oolitic-Pisolitic —Oolitic is the term used to ex¬ 
plain the structure of a rock which is like the compact 
roe of a fish. When the grains are large the rock is 
called “pisolitic.” 

UNSTRATIFIED, METAMORPHIC AND ERUPTIVE ROCKS. 

Granite —Composition, quartz, orthoclase and mica, 
metamorphic and eruptive. . The chemical composition 
of granite agrees very nearly with that of some sand- 


Naming Rocks. 


151 


stones and clays, and there seems to be no reason to 
doubt that granites are merely altered portions of the’ 
strata—portions which have been subjected to intense- 
heat, movement and pressure. Granites occur either as- 
intrusive veins or in hills and masses, varying from a 
small boss up to a large mountain range extending for 
many miles. It has been forced up through the earth’s 
solid crust in a pasty, moist condition, from which, un¬ 
der varying circumstances, it has consolidated and crys¬ 
tallized. Granite is always newer or younger than the 
rocks it fissures or overlies; it is easily recognized and 
widely known; they are all visibly crystalline, the feld¬ 
spar crystals varying from minute flakes up to crystals 
many inches in length. Granite passes into gneiss by 
pressure; the gneiss is virtually a granite of a schistose 
structure, the component minerals having arranged 
themselves more or less in layers. 

G. = 2.5—2.8. Silica 70—72 p. c. 

Syenyte Granite —A hard compact granite of a dark 
greenish to grayish color, the color resulting from the 
presence of the mineral hornblende, which partly re¬ 
places the micas. 

Protogine is a softish granite containing pale green 
stains of chlorite and blotches of talc. It is gneiss-like 
in structure. 

Luxulianyte is a softish flesh-colored granite in 
which the mica, is partly replaced by the impure subsili¬ 
cate of alumina and tourmaline. 

Granityte is a hard granite containing biotite mica 
in considerable quantities. 

Granulyte is a granite, often soft and easily de¬ 
composed, in which the quartz is very scarce or entirely 


152 


, Naming Rocks. 


absent. G. = 2.6—2.7. Silica 70—80 p. c. It contains 
no mica. 

Greisen is a foliated soft granite with little or no 
feldspar. It is a schistose micaceous quartz rock. 

Granite-porphyry is a granite in which, through 
some influence not understood, large, isolated crystals 
separate themselves from the mass of felsite, which 
remains in a pasty magma, Composition, felsite, quartz , 
feldspar, mica or chlorite. 

Quartz-porphyry —Composition same as above, with 
no mica or chlorite, it is a hard, compact rock of various 
colors, generally gray to brown. 

Felsyte —A many-colored rock, from gray to bluish 
to brown and red; compact and very hard. It is a rapidly 
cooled granite paste, containing crystals of quartz and 
feldspar. 

Pitchstone —A dark, glassy rock, with numbers of 
small crystals of glassy feldspar, and sometimes crys¬ 
tals of sanidin, quartz and mica. It is -a glassy feldsite 
which has cooled rapidly. 

Rhyolyte, or quartz trachyte —A compact feldsite 
with glass in the base, and quartz crystals and occa¬ 
sionally mica. Rhyolytes are of many colors and text¬ 
ures, breaking with a rough fracture. They frequently 
exhibit wavy lines of structure (fluidal), caused by the 
arrangement in lines or layers of mineral aggregates or 
colored obsidian. They contain a large amount of 
quartz, which has resulted from the excess of silica not 
required to complete the feldspar crystals. 

Pearlyte is a rapidly cooled rhyolyte. 


Naming Rocks. 


153 


Obsidian —A black, brown, red or green volcanic 
glass, generally or most always of some dark color, 
looking and breaking like dark bottle glass. 

Pumice-stone —A light, spongy, grayish rock, which 
floats on water. It is a volcanic foam, so to speak. 

Syenyte —A metamorphic and eruptive rock close¬ 
ly related to granite. It consists of orthoclase, horn¬ 
blende, oligoclase, mica, nepheline, augite, and some¬ 
times zircon. It is generally a grayish and flesh-colored 
rock, from the colors induced in it by its chief typical 
minerals, orthoclase and hornblende. Zircon syenyte 
is rare and occurs chiefly in intrusive dykes. 

G.=2.7—2.9. Silica 58—63 p. c. 

Porphyryte —A volcanic rock, close-grained and 
breaking with an even fracture. It is formed almost 
entirely of feldspar with some magnetite. It is known 
by various names, according to the development of cer¬ 
tain minerals. Mica-porphyryte has much mica ; horn- 
blende-porphyryte, much hornblende, etc. Porphyryte 
was largely outpoured during the carboniferous age, and 
would appear to be an imperfectly crystallized lava. 

Trachyte —A rock of various colors, hard, but brit¬ 
tle, with rough fracture. It is the volcanic representa¬ 
tive of syenyte. It was originally poured out as a thick, 
viscous lava-stream. Sanidin is always well represent¬ 
ed, which forms glassy crystals in the base. The min¬ 
erals hornblende, augite, apatite, magnetite and titan- 
ite are often present. It is an orthoclase rock, with also 
oligoclase and crysolite. G. — 2.6—2.7. Silica 60—64 
p. c. 

Minette —A volcanic rock consisting of biotite, or- 


154 


Naming Rocks. 


thoclase, nepheline and sodalite. It is a dark-colored 
felsitic rock in which biotite is an abundant minerals 
It occurs chiefly in dykes and intrusive veins. 

Silica 50—65 p. c. 

Phonolyie-Clinkstone —A hard, compact rock, which 
rings under the hammer. Gray, grayish-blue, to brown¬ 
ish. It turns white by weathering. It consists of the- 
minerals orthoclase (sanidin), nepheline, hornblende* 
and titanite. It is a nepheline-trachyte, and often con¬ 
tains large and well-defined crystals of amphibole. Zeo¬ 
lites often occur, filling cavities in the mass. Both san¬ 
idin and nepheline show very clear, and their presence- 
admit of approximate indentification of the rock. The- 
Cripple Creek District, Colo., is a noted locality of this- 
rock, where, in structure, it is more or less slaty. 

Quartz-dioryte —Both a metamorphic and eruptive 
rock, consisting of quartz and plagioclase with horn¬ 
blende. It is a very tough grayish to greenish-white 
rock, rich in silica. Its texture varies from coarse to- 
fine-grained, often porphyritic. Called also greenstone . 

G.—2.66—3. Silica 50—64 p. c. 

Quartz-porpliyry —An eruptive grayish to greenish 
rock, consisting of minutely crystalline paste of quartz, 
oligoclase, hornblende, with large crystals of the same,, 
and titanite. It occurs in large masses, having probably 
been ejected through fissures. It is tough and coarse in 
fracture. 

Dacyte ( quartz-andesyte )—An eruptive, dull, 
grayish-green rock, compact-but not hard, and consists- 
of feldspar, hornblende, quartz, small crystals of oligo¬ 
clase, sanidin and magnetite. 

Silica 65—70 p. c. Often graduates into orthoclaser 
rocks. 


Naming Rocks. 


155 


Dioryte —An eruptive, coarse to fine-grained, com¬ 
pact rock; like syenyte in structure; color, light-gray 
and green to dark greenish black. Its typical constitu¬ 
ents are: Orthoclase, feldspar, oligoclase and horn¬ 
blende, with sometimes labradorite, apatite, magnetite 
and pyrite. When containing quartz, it is known as 
quartz-dioryte. The hornblende is easily recognized in 
the form of small needles, and the feldspar is more often 
flesh-colored than white. It occurs chiefly in wide dykes 
and fissures. G. = 2.66—3. Silica 50—64 p. c. 

Andesyte —An eruptive, hard, compact rock, con¬ 
sisting of the minerals, andes\te, crystals of augite or 
hornblende, biotite and magnetite, with labradorite as 
the chief feldspar. Augite-andesyte is a dark-gray near¬ 
ly black rock, with dark-colored crystals of augite. 

Hornblende-cmdesyte is a pale-gray, compact rock,, 
where the dark-green hornblende crystals occur in small 
columnar forms. Occasionally the hornblende appears 
surrounded by pale-green stains, indicating its alteration 
into chlorite. Andesytes are of wide occurence. They 
have been poured out from dykes and fissures. G. = 2.6— 
2.7. Silica 59—63 p. c. Has more or less the aspects 
of trachyte. 

Gabbro —An eruptive rock, occurring in intrusive 
dykes and sheets. Its color varies from dark-gray, 
blackish to brown, rusty red, and sometimes bright 
spangles of mica. Its chief mineral constituents are: 
Labradorite, diallage or pyroxene. Magnetite and mica 
are accessory minerals. The kind known as olivine- 
gabbro contains the mineral olivine as a constituent. 
Hypersthenite is a closely-related rock. Gabbro is wide¬ 
ly distributed and often is associated with serpentine.. 
Granite-like in texture. G.=2.7—3.1. 


156 


Naming Rocks. 


Doleryte —A very hard, crystalline eruptive rock. 
Its color is always dark, from grayish and bluish to 
greenish-black and brownish-black. It is a crystalline 
variety of basalt, and consists of labradorite, augite, oliv¬ 
ine, and of tens contains the minerals magnetite and apa¬ 
tite. Gr.—2.75—3.1. Silica 50—-55 p. c. Granitoid to 
aphantic in texture. 

Basalt —A compact, minutely crystalline mixture 
of labradorite and augite, with olivine, magnetite and 
titanite. The olivine occurs in the base like green bottle 
glass. Basalt is very hard and of various shades and 
colors, from gray to black. It is a very common eruptive 
rock, filling volcanic vents, fissures, and occurring in 
vast sheets covering large areas of country. Basalt is 
often vesicular and assumes many columnar forms. 

Diabase —An ancient doleryte or crystalline basalt. 
It is composed of the minerals labradorite, augite, oliv¬ 
ine and chlorite. It is a dark, compact rock, resembling 
■doleryte and basalt, from which it can generally be dis¬ 
tinguished by the presence of light-green patches of 
chlorite, arising from the decomposition of the olivine 
■constituent. No glass in base. 

Silica 53 p. c. Alumina, about 20 p. c. 

Breccia —A rock formed out of the angular frag¬ 
ments ejected from volcanoes. It is of frequent occur¬ 
rence in lava-flows. Some are of sedimentary origin 
{Dana). Tufa —A similar rock and of like origin, but 
with the fragments smaller. It is a fine sand conglo¬ 
merate. 

Mica-schist —A foliated arrangement of quartz and 
mica; probably a schistose greisen-granite, or dioryte. 
The mica probably derived from the decomposition of 


Naming Rocks. 


157 


the feldspar. It is generally associated with archaen 
rocks (metamorphic). 

Clilorite-schist —Another metamorphic rock, consist¬ 
ing of a foliated arrangement of quartz and chlorite, con¬ 
taining also magnitite and mica. This rock is greenish 
in color and has a greasy feel. It is generally associated 
with gneiss. 

Hornblende-Schist —A foliated arrangement of 
quartz and hornblende, sometimes with orthoclase. It is 
dark-greenish in color, and is a schistose structure of 
amphibole or massive hornblende. 

Talcose-schist —An arrangement of quartz and talc 
in layers. It is light-green in color, very greasy to the 
touch, and occurs only in isolated beds. Metamorphic. 

Hydromica-schist —Commonly called talcose-schist. 
It is a choritic-mica schist with water. 

Soapstone or Steatyte —A highly compressed, schist¬ 
ose, massive talc, often impure; color, grayish-green, 
gray and white. Easily cuts with a knife. Metamorphic. 

Serpentine —A yellow, greenish-yellow, or green 
mottled rock, greasy to the touch and easily scratched 
with a knife. It is a result of the decomposition of 
olivine-bearing schists, the silicate of magnesia contained 
in the olivine rock having become hydrated (i. e ., wa¬ 
tered or moistened). Metamorphic. 

STRATIFIED, SEDIMENTARY, OR AQUEOUS ROCKS. 

Silt —A fine sediment which gathers in quiet waters, 
in hollow places of rivers, lakes, estuaries and seas. 

Alluvium , Silt, Till —Alluvium is the earthy de¬ 
posit made by running streams or lakes, especially dur- 


158 


Naming Rocks. 


ing times of flood. Silt is the same material deposited 
in bays and harbors, where it forms the muddy bottoms 
and shores. Till is the unstratified sand, gravel and 
stones, with more or less clay, deposited by glaciers. 
Called also unstratified drift. 

Detritus is a general term applied to earth, sand, 
alluvium, silt, gravel, because the material is derived, to 
a great extent, from the wear of rocks through disinte¬ 
grating agencies, mutual attrition in running water, and 
other methods {Dana). 

Clay —An exceedingly fine-grained, soft, moist 
rock, formed of minute particles. It is the result of the 
decay of various aluminious silicates, always contain¬ 
ing water. When quite pure is is white, but generally 
colored red, blue, green gray, brown, etc., from the 
presence of various impurities. 

Marl —A general term used for all compounds of 
lime and clay. When clay predominates they are called 
clay marls; when lime is in excess, lime marls. They 
are compact rocks, breaking with a conchoidal fracture. 
They are of various color, from liver-brown and red 
red chiefty, and often contains nodules of limestone. 

Mudstone —Massive, consolidated clay. It does not 
split into layers or laminae. 

Shale —A consolidated clay which splits into thin 
parallel laminae, which indicates various cessations and 
directions of the original deposition. Shale was prob¬ 
ably deposited as silt in the beds of rivers, lakes, estu¬ 
aries and seas. It is of various colors and shades, and 
often contains fossils. 

Slate —A hard, consolidated shale. It splits off 
into laminae, which have, however, nothing to do with 


Naming Rocks. 


159 


the original planes of deposit, but are the result of 
cleavage. Color, gray, blue, green, purple, and somtimes 
black. Roofing slate is a compact kind which splits into 
very fine and even sheets. 

Argillyte —A slate in which more or less mica is 
present. The flakes of the mica occur in layers along 
the cleavage planes, a result of metamorphism. 

Sandstone —Consolidated sand. It bears the same 
relation to sand as conglomerate does to gravel, and is 
the result of cementing action. Sandstones are com¬ 
posed principally or wholly of the mineral quartz. They 
are of various colors. Calcareous sandstone is a variety 
containing lime of a gray to white color. 

Conglomerate —Is gravel consolidated into a com¬ 
pact mass, made up in part of rounded pebbles cemented 
together. 

Grit —A variety of sandstone more common in the 
older than in the later formations. It is composed of 
coarse, angular grains of quartz, which point to its ar¬ 
rangement in strata and consolidation in stone with¬ 
in a short space of time after its separation from its 
parent rock. 

Quartzyte —A compact, exceedingly hard rock, com¬ 
posed of granular quartz. It is a metamorphic sand¬ 
stone, and it occurs in interstratified beds. 

Flagstone —A sandy-slate, or a slaty-sandstone. 

Loess —A sandy, light-colored clay. It is dry and 
compact. 

Till —A glacial-age deposit of boulders, clay, etc. 

Fuller’s-earth—A fine-grained argillaceous powder, 
when pulverized. 


160 


Naming Rocks. 


Tripoli-eartli —A powdery rock, formed of minute* 
frustules of diatom plants. 

Limestone —A grayish, yellowish or brownish rock 
of various degrees of purity. It is, when pure, formed 
of calcium carbonate which has been precipitated from 
water holding lime in solution. H.—3. G. = 2.25 —2.75- 

Stalactites —These are pendent, and stalagmites are 
upright, limestone. They may be of any size, from a 
mere thread up to a solid pillar many feet in length 
and diameter. They are the result of dripping lime 
water. 

Marble —A granular or crystalline limestone, due 
to metamorphism. Of various colors, from white to 
gray, with reddish and other tints. Impurities are 
mica, tremolite, pyroxene, scapolite, pyrite, serpentine, 
chlorite, spinel, graphite, etc. Varieties—Calcite, Dolo¬ 
mite and Calcite-Dolomite Marble. 

Calcareous-tufa (travertine) —A lime-carbonate de¬ 
posit, formed by springs issuing from limestone and it 
is a sediment precipitated from their waters. 

Hydraulic limestone —Contains a small portion of 
clay and has the property of hardening under water after 
being calcined or burnt. 

Dolomyte (magnesium limestone )—A dirty grayish 
or yellowish rock. When pure, it consists of 54 per cent 
magnesium-carbonate and 46 per cent, of calcium car¬ 
bonate. It is compact, but often assumes globular or 
other concretionary forms. It is harder than limestone 
and does not effervesce so freely in acids. When meta¬ 
morphosed it makes an impure marble, frequently show¬ 
ing veins of iron oxide running through the ground 


mass. 


Naming Rocks. 


161 


Quartz —The mineral silica. It often occurs in 
veins, sheets and dykes, more especially in the older 
formations. It is of various colors, from pure white 
to gray, blue and even black. 

Siliceous Sinter —A white, gray, light-pink or blue 
powdery deposit of almost pure silica, which has been 
deposited from hot geysers and mineral springs. 

Crinoidal-limestone —A rock composed of the cal¬ 
careous remains of crinoids, shells, corals and other 
marine life. 

Chalk —A soft, white, calcareous rock, formed en¬ 
tirely of the crumbled remains of foraminifera and other 
marine fossils. 

Coral —A rock formed of the accumulated remains 
of the coral insect. 

Peat —A dark-brown mass of compressed marshy 
vegetation. It is used as fuel. 

The foregoing description of the more common 
rocks are aimed to assist the young miner in his work 
of identification, and to enable him to assign to each 
kind of rock its proper name wherever met with in na¬ 
ture. 

C. W. Moore’s “Practical Gnide for Prospectors, Explorers and Miners.” 



162 


Mining Terms. 


A GLOSSARY OF MINING TERMS. 


Acequia. A ditch. Spanish. 

Adit. A horizontal drift or other passage used as 
an opening or drain to a mine; applied to no level ex¬ 
cept one opening on the surface. Latin. 

Adventurer. A shareholder. 

Alligator. A rock breaker operating by jaws. 

Alluvium. The sediment of streams and floods. 
Latin. 

Amalgam. The mechanical combination of quick¬ 
silver with gold or silver. 

Apex. The top of a vein. Latin. 

Arastra. A circular mill for grinding quartz by 
trituration between stones attached loosely to cross 
arms. Sp. 

Arch. A part of the gangue left standing for sup¬ 
port. 

Argentiferous. Silver-bearing. Lat. 

Ascension Theory. That refering the filling of 
fissures to matter from below. Von Cotta. 

Assay. A test of the mineral contained in a larger 
mass by extracting and weighing the product of a sam¬ 
ple. 

Assessment Work. The annual labor ($100) re¬ 
quired to hold a location. 

Attle. Waste rock. Cornish. 

Auriferous. Gold-bearing. Lat. 

Back. The roof of a drift, stope or other work¬ 
ing. 

Bal. A mine. Corn. 

Bank. The surface at the pit’s mouth. (2) Dump. 

Banksman. The man at the shaft mouth who 
handles the bucket. Corn. 



Mining Terms. 


163 


Bar Diggings. Gold washing on river-bars. 

Barriers Posts of unworked gangue or coal left 
to prevent drainage from mine to mine. 

Base Bullion. Pig lead containing its gold and 
silver nnseparated. 

Base Metals. All metals except gold, silver, mer¬ 
cury and the platinum group, which are termed noble 
metals. 

Bed. A horizontal seam or deposit of ore. 

Bed Rock. The solid rock outcropping at surface 
or underlying the gravel, slide or other loose earth. 

Bismuth. A hard, brittle metal of grayish-white 
color, reddish tinge, used chiefly as an alloy. At. wt. 
210; symbol Bi. 

Black Jack. A dark variety of zinc blende, or 
sphalerite. 

Blende. A sulphide of zinc. 

Blossom. Decomposed outcrop of a vein. Gossan. 
Iron hat. 

Blow-out. A spreading out-crop. 

Bonanza. Fair weather at sea; a large body of 
paying ore. Became a familiar term upon the opening 
of the immense ore bodies in the Comstock. Sp. 

Booming. A kind of placer mining where the 
water is accumulated in a dam and let out at intervals, 
so as to utilize its cutting power in the form of a torrent. 

Boom Ditch. The ditch from the dam used in 
booming. (2) A slight channel cut down a declevity 
into which is let a sudden head of water intended to 
cut to bed-rock and prospect for the apex of any under¬ 
lying lode. 

Borraska. The reverse of bonanza. Out of pay. 

Boulder. A large, loose, rounded stone. 

Breast. The heading of a drift, tunnel, or other 
horizontal working. 

Breccia. A conglomerate-of angular fractions. 

Brittle Silver. Stephanite. A sulphide of anti¬ 
mony and silver containing 68.5 per cent silver with the 
antimony variable. Sometimes contains iron, copper 


164 


Mining Terms. 


and arsenic; variable in color, hardness and specific 
gravity. 

Broaching. Trimming or straightening a work¬ 
ing. 

Buddling. Separating ores by washing. 

''''Bullion. Uncoined gold or silver. 

Cache. A place where a prospector’s provisions 
or outfit is buried or hidden. 

Cage. The frame to hold the bucket or car. 

Calamine. An ore of zinc. Lapis Calaminaris. 

Canon. A narrow valley. Termed Box Canon 
when the sides are perpendicular. Sp. 

Cap. Space where the walls contract so as to leave 
a trace of the vein. A pinch. (2) A space in the vein 
where the gangue becomes barren. 

Carbonates. The combination of carbonic acid 
with bases. Soft carbonates have lead for a base. Hard 
carbonates have iron for a base. An ore of lead and 
silver. 

Cement. Gold-bearing gravel united and hard¬ 
ened into a compact mass. 

Chaffee Work. A Colorado term for annual 
labor. Jerome B. Chaffee was Territorial delegate when 
the Mining Act of 1872 was passed. 

Cheek. The side or wall of a vein. 

Chimney. A pocket or ore body when found pipe- 
shape, with general perpendicular position. 

Chlorides. Compounds of chlorine with other ele¬ 
ments. 

Chute, (or Shoot.) A flume for sliding ore. 
(2) A chimney of ore. French. 

Cinnabar. Sulphide of mercury. 

Claim. A location. The amount of ground which 
may be located by a single person or association. 

Clean-up. The operation of collecting the gold 
which has settled in the flume of a placer or in an 
arastra. 

Cleavage. The property of splitting more or less 
readily in certain definite directions. 


Mining Terms. 


165 


Coaster. One who picks dump, or gleans in aban¬ 
doned mines for ore in sight. 

Cobbing. Ore sorting. 

Collar. The top of a shaft or winze. (2) The 
timbering of a shaft when carried above the surrounding 
surface. 

Color. A particle of gold in the pan. 

Concentration. The removal by mechanical 
means of ore from the gangue or slime. 

Contact. The plane of meeting of two forma¬ 
tions. 

Contact Vein. A vein along the plane of contact 
of two dissimilar formations, consequently separating 
the two formations. Von Cotta. 

CoprER. A metallic element; red; fusing point 
1996 deg Fahr. Symbol Cu. Atomic weight 63.5 Spe¬ 
cific gravity 8.9. 

Cost-Book Company. A system of mining partner¬ 
ship local to Cornwall and Devon. 

Country Bock. The rock beyond the sides of a 
lode. The strata between or across which the lode is 
found. 

Course of Vein. Its strike. The horizontal line 
on which it cuts the country rock. 

Coyoting. Spasmodic, irregular surface mining 

Cradle. A rocker. A short trough for washing 

gold. 

Cribbing. The timber lining of a drift, shaft, 
winze or mill-hole. The term is also applied to rough 
or light timbering as distinguished from solid set work. 

Cross Course. An intersecting vein. 

Cross Cut. A level driven across the course of a 
vein. A short tunnel. 

Cut. To intersect a. vein. Open Cut. A hori¬ 
zontal opening at the surface not reaching cover. 

Cyanide. A compound of cyanogen with a metal. 
The Cyanide Process of gold extraction is performed by 
passing an auriferous solution of potassium cyanide over 
zinc shavings, by which the values are precipitated.— 
Henry Lewis on Gold Mining. Thos. R. Beaumont. 


166 


Mining Terms. 


n Dead Riches. Base bullion. 

Dead Work. The developing of a mine preparatory 
to stoping. 

Debris. The loose fragments detached from the 
bed rock and washed down, to which the term slide is 
more appropriate; waste rock of any kind. French 

Deep. The lower portion of a vein. 

Denouncement. The Mexican or Spanish equiv¬ 
alent to “location and record” of a claim. 

Descension Theory. The theory that veins were 
filled from above. 

Diggings. Placers. Amer. 

Dike, or Dyke. A fissure made and filled by plu- 
. tonic action. Its rock is most commonly porphyry. It 
is often barren, but in some cases mineralized; or may 
carry a mineralized selvage and so appear as the wall 
of a lode. 

Diluvium. A deposit of loose boulders, earth, etc., 
attributed, geologically, to deposition from water. 

Dip. The line of declination of strata— Bain- 
bridge. Yale —The angle which a lode makes with the 
plane of the horizon. Von Cotta —The departure of a 
vein from the perpendicular or from the horizontal. 

Ditch. An artificial watercourse, flume or canal, 
with or without natural channels. 

Divining Rob. A stick of witch-hazel or other 
like device used in prospecting for lodes. Law v. Grant, 
7 M. R., 57. 

Dollar. From the German Thaler. 100 cents. 
Gold. 23.22 grains, alloy 2.58 grains, weight 25.8 
grains; coined 1849—1901. silver. 37114 grains, al¬ 
loy 4114 grains, weight 412% grains; coined 1794— 
1804, 1836—1838, 1840—1873, 1878—1901. Legal ten¬ 
der unlimited. The Mexican dollar contains 377.17 
grains silver and 40.62 grains alloy. Spanish dollar 
the same. E. O. Leech, Director U. S. Mint. 

Drift. An underground passage driven horizon¬ 
tally on, or with, the vein. 


Mining Terms. 


167 


Downcast. A ventilating shaft with descending 
current of air. 

Dump. A deposit, or place of deposit, of waste 
rock or tailings. 

Elvan Course. A plutonic dyke. Lyell. Argali . 
Corn. 

Eye. The top of a shaft. 

Face. Synonymous with breast. 

Fathom. A space 6 feet forward and 6 feet ver¬ 
tical with the width of the vein. Corn. 

Fault. A dislocation of the strata. Bainbridge. 
Yale. The dislocation of a vein from its original posi¬ 
tion; a heave; a throw. Von Cotta. 

Feeder. A small vein starting from some distant 
point and running into a main lode. It is practically 
synonymous with spur. See Bainbridge. 

Feldspar. A vitreous crystalline constituent of 
granite, gneiss, porphyry and many other rocks. 

Fissure Vein. A fissure or crack in the earth 
across its strata, filled with mineralized mater. 

Float. Loose quartz detached’ from the vein and 
found below it. 

Float Ore. Masses or particles of ore detached 
from the vein and found below it. 

Flookan. A soft, decomposed cross-course. Cor¬ 
nish. 

Floor. The rock underlying a horizontal vein or 
deposit. 

Flume. A ditch carried in frame work on or above 
the surface. 

Foot Wall. The under wall of the vein. 

Forfeiture. The loss of possessory title as the 
result of abandonment or the failure to comply with the 
conditions under which the title was held. 

Gad. A small pointed wedge. 

Galena. A sulphide of lead. When not amorph¬ 
ous, is crystallized on the cubic system; when pure 
contains 86.6 per cent lead, 13.4 per cent sulphur. Car¬ 
ries silver in greatlv varying quantities. 


168 


Mining Terms. 


Gallery. A level or drift; applied chiefly to col¬ 
lieries. 

Gangue. Crevice material; vein matter; the base 
material forming the matrix of the ore. 

Gash Fein. A vein which continnes for practi¬ 
cal purposes only a short distance below the sod, gen¬ 
erally narrowing as it descends. 

Geode. A rounded nodule of stone, containing 
a cavity studded with crystals or mineral matter; the 
cavity in such nodule. 

Gneiss. A rock composed of the same constituents 
as granite, but foliated or stratified. 

Gob Fire. Fire in collieries produced by sponta¬ 
neous combustion. 

Gold. A metallic element; bright yellow; specific 
gravity, 19.34; fusing point, 2016 degrees Fahr. Symbol, 
Au. Atomic weight, 196.6. One ounce pure gold 
coined in U. S. dollars is worth $20.67. 

Gossan. See Iron Hat. 

Gouge. A soft selvage; a clay streak found fol¬ 
lowing a wall, or a slip or an ore measure. 

Grass. The surface over a mine. Corn. 

Grass Foots. A term used where a working is 
started from, or worked up to, the surface. Amer. 

Granite. A plutonic crystalline rock, composed 
of feldspar, quartz and mica. 

Gray Copper. Tetrahedrite. An ore containing 
copper 15 to 42 per cent, combined with iron, zinc, sil¬ 
ver, mercury, arsenic and antimony. It varies in color, 
hardness and specific gravity. 

Grub Stake. Provisioning a prospector on a bar¬ 
gain to share his discoveries. 

Hanging Wall. The upper wall of a vein. 

Heading. The breast or face of a working. 

Headings. The mass of gravel and pay dirt above 
the head of a sluice. 


Mining Terms. 


169 


Heave. The horizontal dislocation of a lode. 

High Explosives. Those of greater detonating 
lorce than black powder. 

Horse. A mass of country rock between the en¬ 
closing walls of a vein. To constitute a Horse, “It is 
necessary that the walls should converge about the mass 
below and at both ends, but the greatest known horses 
'do not converge over head. The two walls coming to the 
surface are in some instances 1,000 feet apart.” Testi¬ 
mony of Clarence King in the Dives Case. 

Hudge. An iron bucket for hoisting. 

Hydraulics. That method of placer mining where 
the gravel is washed by a stream operating under hy¬ 
draulic pressure. 

Hungry'. Barren. 

Impregnation. A metallic deposit having unde¬ 
termined limits in no way sharply defined. Von Cotta. 

Incline Drift. A drift run at an incline to sub¬ 
serve the drainage. (2) A misnomer applied to a slope 
sunk upon a deposit having slight departure from the 
horizontal. 

Infiltration Theory. That which refers the 
origin of the ore to the deposit of mineral from water 
holding it in solution. 

Injection Theory. That which refers the or¬ 
igin of the ore to the introduction of igneous fluid. 

In Place. In Situ. In words used in Section 
2329 of the U. S. Revised Statutes, qualifying the words 
“quartz or other rock,” and to distinguish lode from 
placer claims. 

Iron Hat. ( Eisen Hut.) The outcrop of a lode, 
it being usually colored by the decomposition of the 
iron. German. Von Cotta. 

Jig. A machine for concentrating ore by means 
of sieves. Corn. 

Jump. To take forcible possession of a claim. (2) 
To relocate abandoned property. 

Kibble. A kind of hoisting bucket. 


170 


Mining Terms. 


Lagging. Poles or small timbers used for span¬ 
ning from one stull-piece to another, for cribbing mill- 
holes and for lining behind the timbers of a shaft. 

Lead. An objectionable form of the word lode. 

Lead. A metallic element; bluish-white; fusing 
point, 617 deg. Fahr. Symbal, Pb. Atomic weighty 
207. Specific gravity 11.30. Galena and carbonates 
are its most common ores. 

Ledge. A term in use on the Pacific Slope, syn¬ 
onymous with lode. 

Length. A certain portion of a vein when taken 
on a horizontal line on its course. 

Level. A drift along the vein; the word generally 
used where there are a series of drifts, as first level r 
second level, etc. 

Lift. The space between two levels. 

Little Giant. A jointed iron pipe and nozzle de¬ 
creasing in diameter with the increase of the hydraulic 
pressure; used in placer mining. 

Location. Those successive acts by which a claim 
is appropriated. (2) The claim itself. Amer. 

Lode. An aggregation of mineral matter contain¬ 
ing ores in fissures. Von Cotta. A vein of metallic 
ore. A ledge. A fault in the country which has be¬ 
come mineralized. A. H. Green. 

Man Hole. An opening just large enough to* 
permit access between two workings. 

Matrix. (Of the lode.) The country rock in 
which the vein is found. (Of the ore.) The rock or 
earthy material enclosing the ore; the vein-stone. Latin- 

Mercury. Quicksilver. A shining silver-white met¬ 
al, liquid at temperatures above —40 deg. Fahr. Sp. 
gr., 13.5. At. wt., 199.7. Boils at 669 deg. Fahr. 
Symbol, Hg. 

Metallurgy. The art of working metals, includ¬ 
ing smelting, refining, and parting them from the ores. 

Mica. One of the constituents of granite. When 
separately crystallized is found in clear, laminated 


Mining Terms. 


171 


plates. Found in the lode, as well as in the matrix of 
the lode. 

Mill Hole. A passage left in the stope for throw¬ 
ing down rock and ore. 

Mill-Run. The returns of a lot of ore; the assay 
of ore in quantity as distinguished from a specimen 
assay. 

Mine. Any excavation made for mineral which 
can he profitably operated. (2) An open as distin¬ 
guished from an untouched deposit, (3) Underground 
as distinguished from superficial workings or quarries. 

Miner's Inch. There is an attempted statutory 
definition in Colorado M. A. S. Sec. 4643 which is ob¬ 
scure and inexact. See also 2467. Orifices constructed 
as this statute directs, will deliver through each square 
inch of opening, a quantity which varies from 1.4 to 1.7 
cubic feet of water per minute. The custom among en¬ 
gineers is to take 1.5 cubic feet of water per minute as 
the equivalent of an inch, for illustration: 1,000 
Miner’s inches of water (25 cubic feet per second) is 
about the quantity which would be carried by an ordi¬ 
nary wooden flume 30 inches wide, flowing 18 inches 
deep, if the flume had a fall of one inch per box of 12 
feet (36 feet per mile), this giving the stream a veloc¬ 
ity of 6.7 feet per second. Edmund B. Kirby. 

Miner's Right. The license to locate, used in 
Australia, 

Moyle. A drill or short bar sharpened to a point, 
used in cutting hitches and in broaching. 

Nodule. A small, rounded, stony concretion. 

Open Cut. A longitudinal surface working not 
entering cover. 

Operator. One who works a mine either as owner 
or lessee. 

Ore. The mechanical or chemical compounds of 
the metals with baser substances. The conventional di¬ 
visions in the ore market are: dry ore : An ore which 
does not contain any lead, or less than 5 per cent. 'mill¬ 
ing ore : A dry ore that can be amalgamated or treated 


172 


Mining Terms. 


by leaching and other processes; usually these ores are 
low grades, free, or nearly so, from base metals. J ship¬ 
ping ore: Such as is better adapted to smelting than 
any local treatment. Any ore of greater value when 
broken than the cost of freight and treatment, ^refrac¬ 
tory ores. An ore containing in quantities zinc, ar¬ 
senic, antimony or other base metals, which prevent eco¬ 
nomical treatment by usual and available processes. W. 
J. Chamberlain & Co. 

Ore Reserves. The ore body where exposed ready 
for stoping. 

Outcrop. That portion of a vein appearing at the 
surface. 

Output. The gross product of a mine. 

Pan. An iron basin used in gold prospecting. 

Patch. A small placer claim outside of the main 
-gulch. 

Patio. A yard or court. The space "where ore is 
mixed and amalgmated by tread of horses. Sp. 

Patio Process. The Mexican method of amalga¬ 
mation of silver ores. 

Pay Rock. The lode material in which the min¬ 
eral or pay is found. See Quartz. 

Pay Streak. The ore body proper, or the seam of 
-decomposed material which takes its place and preserves 
the continuity of the ore body. 

Pent House. A shed or horizontal barricade across 
-one end of a shaft, made of strong timbers loaded with 
rock to protect against any accidental fall from above. 
Corn. 

Phonolite. A greyish, compact, felspathic rock 
yielding a metallic sound under the hammer; clink¬ 
stone. 

Pinch. The narrow space where the walls come 
-close together. 

Pit. A shallow shaft. 

Pitch. The dip of a lode. 

Placer. A deposit of gold not in place; applied 
to all classes of gold deposit, including cement and 


Mining Terms. 


173 


channel claims, except lodes in place. For special mean¬ 
ing under the law, see Section 2329 U. S. Rev. St. 

Plat. A small chamber on the side or sole of a 
level where it intersects a shaft, made to facilitate 
dumping. Where it is cut in the sole it is called a trip- 
plat. Corn. 

Pocket. A detached ore body; a nest of ore. 

Pockety. A term applied to a mine where the pay 
ore occurs in small detached bodies with intervals of 
poor ore or barren material. The word implies a slur 
on the mine. Pauli v. Halferty, 9 M. R. 149. 

Porphyry. A general term including such plu- 
tonic rocks as exhibit well-formed crystals, usually of 
feldspar, in a finely granular or compact base of the 
same. Gr. 

- Porphyritic Granite. A base of granite con¬ 
taining prominent crystals of feldspar. 

Prospecting. A search for deposits, applied both 
to the seeking of undiscovered veins and to the investi¬ 
gation of the value of known veins by exploration. 

Pyrites. (White) A sulphide of iron. (Yel¬ 
low) A sulphide of copper. A bright, crystallized, 
metallic-looking and very common gold-bearing ore, 
usually low-grade and spoken of in common parlance 
as the “Iron.” Gr. 

Quarry. Any open work in rock on a plan of 
excavating the entire mass, as distinguished from work¬ 
ing a seam or vein by shafts or aproaches under cover. 

Quartz. Silica. A cons tituent of granite. The 
free gold of California being found in quartz, the word 
was applied to the gangue of such lodes and so to other 
forms of vein matter, until it is now used vaguely to 
mean the ore, the float, the gangue, or that part of the 
gangue which indicates the pay streak. In the Acts of 
Congress it is used with the word rock (quartz or other 
rock) in the sense of pay rock. 

Quartzite. A metamorphosed sandstone. A rock 
containing usually about 98 per cent silica, with.a small 
percentage of foreign materials, principally iron. 


174 


Mining Terms. 


Quicksilver. See Mercury. 

Raise. A shaft or winze which has been worked 
from below. 

Rhyolyte. A name common to igneous rocks of 
a wavy texture, indicative of movement or flowing when 
in a fluid state. 

'— Riffle Blocks. Cross sections of timber set on 
the floor of a sluice, with irregular spaces between, in 
which the gold settles. American. 

Rise. See Raise. 

Reef. An Australian term for lode or ledge. 

Rob. To gut a mine; to work for the ore in sight 
without regard to supports, reserves or any other future 
considerations. 

Rocker. See Cradle. 

Roof. The stratum or rock overlying a deposit, 
or flat vein. 

Royalty. The dues to the lessor. 

Rusty. Oxidized. Ore coated with oxide. Ap¬ 
plies to gold which will not easily amalgamate. 

Scale. A loosened fragment of rock threatening 
to break off and fall. 

Schist. Crystalline or metamorphic rock with 
slaty structure; usually carrying mica, sometimes ar¬ 
gillaceous. 

Segregations. All those aggregations of ore hav¬ 
ing irregular form but definite limits. They differ 
from beds and lodes by the irregularity of their form; 
from impregnations by their definite limits. Von Cotta. 

Selvage. A lining; a gouge; a thin band of clay 
often found in the vein, upon the wall. 

Set. Portion of ground taken by a tributer. 

Shaft. A pit sunk from the surface; an opening 
more or less perpendicular sunk on, or sunk to reach, 
the vein. 

Shift. A miners turn or spell of work. Web¬ 
ster. Two shifts imply 16 to 20 hours work; three 
shifts imply 24 hours work. 

^ Sill. A windlass frame. (2) Rest for posts. 


Mining Terms. 


175 


Silver. A metallic element; the whitest of the 
metals; specific gravity, 10.53; fusing point, 1873 de¬ 
grees; symbol, Ag; atomic weight, 108. One ounce 
pure silver coined in U. S. dollars is worth $1.2929, 
gold. 

Silver Glance. An ore; when pure contains 87 
per cent silver and 13 per cent sulphur. Argentite. 

Skip. A square hoisting bucket running in guides 
or in grooves. 

Slickensides. Smooth, polished portions of the 
wall or of some verticle plane in the lode, caused by 
friction. It may occur on the ore itself. German. 

Slide. One kind of fault—the vertical disloca¬ 
tion of a lode. 

Slide. The mass of loose rock overlying either 
lode or country. 

Slope. An opening driven upon the inclination 
•of the vein. 

Sluice. A series of boxes set in line and floored 
with riffle blocks to catch the gold in a placer mine. 

Smelting. The reduction of metals from their 
ores in furnaces. It is a form of the word melt. In 
smelting, the ore is melted. In other processes it is 
Toasted. 

Sole. The floor of a horizontal working. 

Sollar. Any platform or wooden floor or cov¬ 
ering in a working. Corn. 

_ Sough. A drain. Eng. 

Spar. A general term applied to rock with dis¬ 
tinct cleavage and lustre. 

Spur. A branch or offshoot from a larger vein. 

Spiling. Timbering used in quicksand or loose 
ground where lathes are driven behind timbers and kept 
flush with the heading. 

Stamps. Machine for crushing ores by vertical 
stroke. 

Stope. The working above or below a level where 
the mass of the ore body is broken. Corn. 


176 


Mining Terms. 


Stoping. The act of breaking the ore above or 
below a level; when done from the back of the drift 
it is called overhand or back-stoping; when from the 
sole it is underhand stoping. 

Stratum. A bed of rock or earth of any kind. 
Dana. The plural is strata. 

Strike. The extension of a lode or deposit on 
a horizontal line. Von Cotta. Synonymous with trend 
and course. 

Stulls. Cross timbers at the foot of a stope. 

Sublimation Theory. That which refers the fill¬ 
ing of fissures to material deposited from ascending 
steam, or by condensation from a gaseous condition. 

Sulphide. A chemical union of sulphur with a 
metal. 

Sulphuret. A sulphide. Sulphide is the more 
recent and approved term. 

Sump. The extension of a shaft, forming a pit for 
the collection of water. Corn. 

Sylvanite. A native tellurium; sometimes called 
graphic tellurium. 

Syndicate. An. association or council of persons; 
in use since the war to designate' any combination 
formed to carry out a large financial enterprise. 

Tackle. The windlass, rope and bucket. Corn. 

Tailings. The refuse discharged from the tail 
or lower end of a . sluice, or washed from any sort of 
placer working. 

Tellurium. A silver-white, brittle substance, gen¬ 
erally classed among metals; usually combined with 
gold, silver, lead and copper. Sp. gr., 6.65. At. wt., 
128. Symbol, Te. 

Tin. A soft, malleable, white metal. Sp. gr., 7.2. 
Fusing point, 442 deg. Fahr. At. wt., 117.7. Symbol 
Sn. 

Tributers. Miners who work a set , or piece of 
ground, taking the proceeds as wages, after royalty is 
deducted, but who work under direction of the owners- 
and hold no possession or title as lessees. 


Mining Terms. 


177 


Trouble. A fault. 

Tunnel. A horizontal excavation starting at the 
surface and driven across the country for the discov¬ 
ery or working of a lode or lodes. 

Tut Work. Work paid for by the foot, as dis¬ 
tinguished from tribute work. 

Upcast. A ventilating shaft where the air ascends. 

Veins. Aggregations of mineral mater in fissures 
of rocks. Von Cotta, Saw cvj; Bainbridge, b. The 
word vein has a broader scope than lode, including non- 
metallic beds. It is also applied, in working, to smaller 
seams threading the greater deposit. See Vena and 
Veta. 

Vena. A small vein or the branches of the veta, 
or main vein. Span. 

Veta. A main vein. Span. 

Vug. A cavity in the ore or rock. 

Wall. The plane of the country where it touches 
the side of the vein, when used in reference to lodes. 
The side of a level or drift, when used with reference 
to the workings. 

Wheal. A pit or hole in the ground. A mine. 
The names of most mines in Cornwall are preceded by 
the word Wheal. Old form Huel. Corn. 

Whim. A machine for raising the bucket by T 
means of a revolving drum. 

Whip. An apparatus for raising the bucket with' 
rope and pulleys, by horse power on a straight drive. 

Winze. A shaft sunk from a level; not necessarily- 
connecting two levels. 

Zinc. A metallic element; bluish-white; fusing- 
point, 773 deg. Fahr.; generally found as a sulphide- 
(blende), or as a carbonate (calamine). Atomic weight., 
65.2; specific gravity, 8.9. Symbol, Z u. 


Morrison,s Mining Rights. 



178 


Working Outfits. 


COMPLETE OUTFIT FOR TESTING AND IL¬ 
LUSTRATING THE PROPERTIES 
OF MINERALS. 


FIRST PROPERTY— composition. 

BLOWPIPE AND WET WAY OUTFIT. 

1 1 Set (3) porcelain dishes. 

2 1 Diamond steel mortar. 

3 1 Pair platinum pointed forceps. 

4 1 Pair heavy tip steel forceps. 

6 1 Steel chisel. 

7 1 Charcoal borer, club shape. 

8 1 Charcoal borer, with spatula. 

9 1 Pair scissors. 

10 1 Platinum holder, with 6 wires. 

11 1 Planner's blowpipe lamp, with swivel. 

12 1 Charcoal saw. 

13 1 Mattrass holder. 

14 1 Planner's blowpipe, nickle plated. 

15 1 Platinum tip for same. 

16 1 Steel hammer, with wire handle. 

17 1 Set moulds, stamps and bone ash. 

18 1 Pair nippers. 

19 1 Double lens. 

20 1 Knife. 

21 1 Dropping pipette. 

22 1 Camel hair brush. 

23 6 Mattrasses. 

'24 1 Glass alcohol lamp. 

:25 1 Chamois skin. 

‘26 6 glass tubes. 

27 y 2 Doz. charcoals. 

:28 Coal and ash trays. 

-29 2 Books test papers. 



Working Outfits. 


179 


30 3 Frames, with 61 glass stoppered and labeled re¬ 

agent bottles, containing the following re¬ 
agents : 

1 Soda Bicarbonate. 

2 Powdered Borax Glass. 

3 Salt of Phosphorus. 

4 Bismuth Flux. 

5 Boracic Acid. 

6 Boracic Acid Flux. 

7 Copper Oxide. 

8 Potassium Sulphate. 

9 Ammonia Water. 

10 Nitric Acid. 

11 Hydrochloric Acid. 

12 Sulphuric Acid. 

13 Potassium Bisulphate. 

14 Antimony Teroxide. 

15 Antimony Pentoxide. 

16 Ammonium Magnesia Mixture. 

17 Cyanide of Potassium (Salt). 

18 Barium Dichloride. 

19 Lead Oxide (Litharge). 

20 Hydrogen Peroxide. 

21 Tartaric Acid. 

22 Ammonium Sulphocyanide. 

23 Hydrodisodic Phosphate. 

24 Ammonium Carbonate. 

25 Ferrous Sulphate. 

26 Molybdate Solution. 

27 Platinic Chloride. 

28 Bichloride of Mercury. 

29 Stannic Oxide. 

30 Ammonium Sulphide. 

31 Metallic Magnesium. 

32 Metallic Copper (Test). 

33 Metallic Lead (granulated). 

34 Metallic Zinc. 

35 Metallic Tin (Test). 

36 Metallic Iron (Test). 


180 


Working Outfits. 


37 Powdered Silica. 

38 Cobalt Solution. 

39 Amnionic Chloride. 

40 Sodic Acetate. 

41 Sulphretted Hydrogen Water. 

42 Silver Nitrate. 

43 Potassium Hydrate. 

44 Copper Sulphate. 

45 Sodium Hydrate. 

46 Tin Bichloride. 

47 Manganese Dioxide. 

48 Calcium Dichloride. 

49 Acetic Acid. 

50 Potassium Ferrocyanide. 

51 Citric Acid. 

52 Nitrophenic Acid. 

53 Peroxide of Lead. 

54 Sodium Chlorate. 

55 Magnesia Mixture. 

56 Magnesium Sulphate. 

57 Sodium Nitrate. 

58 Terchloride of Gold. 

59 Iron Sesquioxide. 

60 Albumen. 

61 Potassium Ferricyanide. 

Packed in a wood carrying case; price.$40.00 

SECOND PPOPEETY. 

Luster. 

a. Kinds of Luster. 1, Metallic; 2, Sub- 
Metallic ; 3, Adamantine; 4, Vitreous; 5, 

Sub-Vitreous; 6, Eesinous; 7, Greasy; 8, 
Pearly; 9, Metallic-Pearly or Metalloid; 

10, Silky; 11, Dull, without Luster, b. 
Degrees of Intensity of Luster. 12, 
Splendent; 13, Shining; 14, Glistening; 

15, Glimmering. Large specimens 
mounted on cherry blocks.$ 7.50 

b. Same, but specimens smaller and in paste¬ 
board trays 


3.75 





Working Outfits. 


181 


Diaphaneity. 

1, Transparent; 2, Semi-Transparent; 3, 
Translucent; 4, Sub-Translucent; 5, 

Opaque. Large specimens mounted on 
on cherry blocks . 2.50 

THIRD AND FIFTH PROPERTY. 

Color and Streak. 

a. 25 of the most important specimens 

mounted on cherry blocks.$12.00 

b. 56 large specimens, illustrating the me¬ 
tallic and non-metallic colo'rs, mounted 

on cherry blocks . 28.00 

c. Same as foregoing, but smaller speci¬ 
mens and in pasteboard trays. 14.00 

FOURTH PROPERTY. 

Scale of Hardness. 

a. 1, Talc; 2, Gypsum; 3, Calcite; 4, Fluor¬ 
ite; 5, Apatite; 6, Orthoclase; 7, Quartz; 

8, Topaz; 9, Corundum; 10, Diamond. 


With streak plate and file. Tray.$ 5.00 

b. Same, but smaller specimens, in hard 

wood case . 1-50 


c. Same as foregoing, without diamond. ... 1.00 

SIXTH PROPERTY. 

Fracture. 

1, Even; 2, Uneven; 3, Conchoidal; 4, Sub- 
Conchoidal; 5, Splintery; 6, Hackly. 

Large specimens mounted on cherry 


blocks .$ 3.00 

Cleavage. 

1, Cubic; 2, Octahedral; 3, Rhombohedral; 

4, Basal; 5, Prismatic. Large speci¬ 
mens mounted on cherry blocks. 1.25 

SEVENTH PROPERTY. 

Tenacity. 


1, Brittle; 2, Sectile; 3, Malleable; 4, Flex¬ 
ible; 5, Elastic. Large specimens 
mounted on cherry blocks.$ 2.50 











182 


Working Outfits. 


EIGHTH PROPERTY. 

Crystal System and Forms. 

100 white crystal models in Plaster.$16.00 

NINTH PROPERTY. 

Scale of Fusibility. 

a. 1, Stibnite; 2, Natrolite; 3, Almandite; 

4, Actinolite; 5, Orthoclase; 6, Bronz- 

ite. In paste board trays.$ 1.00 

b. Large specimens, mounted on cherry 

blocks . 3.00 

TENTH PROPERTY. 

Specific Gravity. (G.) 

Prof. Jolly’s Spiral Balance, for rapid and 
exact determination of the specific gravity 
of minerals, with 4 assorted spirals, on 
wooden support and scale, on mirror 
glass; Price .$17.00 


COLLECTION OF MINERALS, MODELS, BLOW¬ 
PIPE AND ASSAY OUTFITS. 


Blowpipe Collection. 

25 specimens, in hard wood case.$ .75 

50 specimens, in hardwood case. 1.50 

100 specimens, in hard wood case. 3.50 

200 specimens, in hard wood case. 8.00 

Ores and Metallic Minerals. 

25 specimens, only the common metals, av¬ 
eraging %x% inch, case.$ 1.00 

25 specimens, larger size, printed labels, in 

pasteboard trays . 2.50 

50 specimens, illustrating ores of both the 
common and rare metals, printed labels, 

in pasteboard trays . 10.00 

Ores of the Rarer Metals. 

15 specimens .$ 4.50 

25 specimens . 10.00 

Gold and Silver Ores. 

25 specimens .$ 6.00 

















Working Outfits. 


18S 


Copper Ores. 

15 specimens .$ 3.00 

25 specimens . 6.00 

Iron Ores and Minerals. 

25 specimens . 6.00' 

50 specimens . 10.00' 

Lead Ores and Minerals. 

15 specimens .$ 3.00' 

25 specimens . 6.50 

50 specimens . 25.00 

Zinc Ores and Minerals. 

15 specimens .$ 4 00 

25 specimens . 10.00 


Crystal Models, Preston's, of Celluloid. 

A new and most excellent invention is Pres- 
tom’s set of six crystal models. They are 
made of transparent celluloid and aver¬ 
age 4 inches longest diameter. They ex¬ 
hibit the six different systems of crys¬ 
tallization, and show various derivative 
forms by means of internal crystals, also 
of celluloid. The axes of the crystals are 
shown by various colored silk threads, the 
same axis by the same color, different 
axes by different colors. Set of six in well 


made case .$16.00 

Crystal Models, of Hard Wood. 

34 models, with reference list, in box. .. .$10.00 

50 models, with reference list, in box. 15.00 

108 models, with reference list, in box. 24.00 

Crystal Models, of Glass. 


21 cut glass models, showing the crystallo¬ 
graphic forms and natural colors, of un¬ 


cut gems, in case.$18.00 

Crystal Models in Plaster. 

100 white models .$16.00 


50 colored faced models, mounted in brass 
holders and again on hard wood blocks, 

















184 


Working Outfits. 


label giving name of minerals and crys¬ 


tallographic formula . 15.00 

100 colored faced models . 30.00 

200 colored faced models . 65.00 


BLOWPIPE APPARATUS, AS DESCRIBED IN' 
“BROWN’S MANUAL OF ASSAYING.” 

1 1 Set (3) porcelain dishes. 

2 1 Diamond steel mortar. 

3 1 Pair platinum pointed forceps. 

4 1 Pair steel forceps. 

6 1 Steel chisel. 

7 1 Charcoal borer, club shape. 

8 1 Charcoal borer, with spatula. 

9 1 Pair scissors. 

10 1 Platinum holder, with 6 wires. 

11 1 Plattner’s blow-pipe lamp with swivel. 

12 1 Charcoal saw. 

13 1 Matrass holder. 

14 1 Plattner’s blowpipe, nickel plated. 

15 1 Platinum tip for same. 

16 1 Steel hammer, with wire handle. 

17 1 Set moulds and stamps. 

18 1 pair nippers. 

19 1 double lens. 

20 1 Knife. 

21 1 Dropping pipette. 

22 1 Camel hair brush. 

23 6 Matrasses. 

24 1 Glass, alcohol lamp, with metal top. 

25 1 Chamois skin. 

26 6 glass tubes. 

27 y 2 Doz. charcoals. 

28 Coal and ash trays. 

29 2 Books test papers. 

30 Frame, with 18 glass stoppered and labeled re¬ 

agent bottles, containing the following re¬ 
agents : 

Tin. (Test) 


Carbonate soda. 






Working Outfits. 


185 


Phosphorus salt. 

Borax powder. 

Borax glass. 

Boracic acid, fused. 
Boracic acid, cryst. 
Plattner’s flux. 

Bismuth flux. 

Test lead. 

Price for complete set se 
wooden carrying case 


Potash oxalate. 

Salt. 

Soda nitrate. 

Charcoal. 

Bone ash, sieved. 

Bone ash, washed. 

Copper oxide. 

Bisulphate potash, 
urely packed in neat 
.$30.00 


ASSAY OUTFIT FOR PROSPECTORS. 
1 Portable Button Balance and weights. 

1 Pulp balance and weights. 

1 Furnace (“Jackass”). 

2 Muffles. 

'200 Scorifiers. 

50 Crucibles. 

1 Quart mortar and pestle (iron). 

2 Pair tongs. 

1 Magnifying lens. 

1 Lead mould. 

1 Cupel mould. 

1 Magnet. 

3 Pairs pliers. 

1 Spatula. 

Class rod and tubes. 

1 Class alcohol lamp. 

1 Sieve, 60 mesh. 

3 Beakers and covers. 

1 Blowpipe, PlattneFs. 

3 Funnels. 

1 Package filter paper. 

1 Button brush. 

1 Wash bottle. 

6 Parting flasks. 

1 Tripod. 

6 Annealing cups. 

2 Hammers. 




186 


Working Outfits. 


4 Lbs. litharge. 

5 Lbs. soda bicarb. 

1 Lb. argols. 

1 Lb. muriatic acid, c. p. 

1 Lb. nitric acid, c. p. 

10 Lbs. bone ash. 

2 Lbs. borax glass. 

*4 Oz. silver foil, c. p. 
y 2 Lb. rolled lead, c. p. 

10 Lbs. granulated lead, c. p. 

1 Pint alcohol. 

2 Lbs. lead flux. 

Boxing and cartage, complete, f. o. b., Denver. .$125.00 

(Prices given are according to the Denver Fire Clatp 
Company's catalogue .) 



INDEX TO MINERALS 


Actinolite. 

-Eschynite. 

Agate. 

Aikinite. 

Alaskaite. 

Almandine. 

Albertite . 

Albite. 

Allophane. 

Altaite. 

Alunite. 

Alunogen. 

Amber. 

Amblygonite. 

Amethyst. 

Amethyst, Oriental 

Amphibole. 

Analcite. 

Andalusite. 

Andesite. 

Anglesite. 

Anhydrite. 

Anorthite. 

Anthracite. 

Antimony, Native. 

Apatite. 

Apophyllite. 

Aragonite . 

Argentite. 

Arsenic, Native. 

Arsenolite. 

Arsenopyrite. 

Asbestus. 

Asbolite. 

Asphaltum. 

Astrophyllite. 

Atacamite. 

Aurichalcite. . 

Autunite. 


Aventurine. 129 

Axinite... 133 

Azurite.102 

Balas Ruby.118 

Barite.„.. . 122 

Beryl.131 

Biotite.138 

Bismuth, Native.125 

Bituminous Coal.126 

Bloodstone.130 

Boracite. 120 

Borax.123 

Bornite.100 

Breithauptite.109 

Brochantite.102 

Bromyrite. 99 

Brongniardite. 98 

Brown Coal. 127 

Brucite.120 

Caking Coal.127 

Calamine. 108 

Calaverite. 96 

Calcite.121 

Calomel.110 

Cannel Coal.127 

Carnelian. 129 

Cassiterite.114 

Cat’s Eye.129 

Celestite. 122 

Cerargyrite. 99 

Cerussite. 106 

Chabazite .142 

Chalcanthite.101 

Chalcedony.129 

Chalcocite..100 

Chalcopyrite.100 

Chalk.121 

Chloritoid.Ill 

Chondrodite. 138 


132 

117 

, 129 

104 

104 

118 

127 

136 

145 

103 

119 

119 

126 

119 

129 

118 

132 

142 

139 

136 

105 

121 

136 

127 

125 

121 

144 

121 

97 

124 

125 

111 

132 

109 

126 

137 

101 

107 

115 
















































































188 


Index to Min rals. 


Chromite. 

Chrysoberyl. 

Chrysocolla. 

Chrysolite. 

Chrysoprase. 

Cinnabar. 

Clausthalite. 

Cobaltite. 

Coal, Anthracite. 
Coal, Bituminous. 

Coal, Brown. 

Coal, Caking .... 

Coal, Cannel. 

Colemanite. 

Coloradoite. 

Columbite. 

Copper, Native... 

Corundum. 

Covellite. 

Crocoite. 

Crookesite. 

Cryolite. 

Cryophyllite. 

Cuprite . 

Cyanite. 

Cyanotrichite.... 

Danburite. 

Datolite. 

Descloizite. 

Deweylite. 

Diamond. 

Dioptase. 

Dolomite. 

Domeykite. 

Dysluite. 

Eggonite. 

Elaterite. 

Eliasite .. 

Embolite . 

Emerald, Oriental 

Enargite.. 

Enstatite. 

Eosphorite. 

Epidote.. 

Epsomite. 

Erythrite.. 

Eucairite.. 


Euchroite. 

. . 102 

Euclase. 

. . 138 

Euxenite. 

.. 116 

Fahlunite. 

.. 145 

False Topaz. 

. . 129 

Fergusonite. 

.. 116 

Ferruginous Quartz.. 

.. 129 

Fibrolite. 

.. 139 

Fire Opal. 

.. 130 

Flint. 

.. 129 

Fluorite. 

. . 120 

Franklinite. 

.. 108 

Freieslebenite. 

.. 98 

Galena. 

.. 103 

Garnet. 

.. 134 

Genthite. 

.. 109 

Gerhardtite. 

.. 102 

Gersdorffite. 

.. 109 

Gibbsite. 

.. 118 

Gilsonite. 


Glauconite. 

.. 143 

Gold, Native. 

. . 96 

Goslarite. 


Gothite. 


Grahamite. 


Graphite. 

. 125 

Greenockite. 


Grunauite. 

. 109 

Guitermanite. 

. 104 

Gummite. 


Gypsum. 


Halite. 


Harmotome. 

.. 142 

Hatchettite. 


Hatchettolite. 

. 115 

Hematite. 


Hessite. 


Heulandite. 

.. 142 

Hisingerite. 

.. 131 

Hornblende.. 

.. 132 

Hubnerite. 

. 115 

Hyacinth. 

. 134 

Hydrophane. 

. 130 

Iodyrite. 

.. 99 

Iolite. 

.. 133 

Iron, Native. 

. . Ill 

Jamesonite. 

.. 104 


112 

118 

103 

133 

129 

110 

103 

108 

126 

126 

127 

126 

126 

121 

110 

112 

100 

117 

100 

105 

100 

118 

137 

101 

139 

102 

133 

140 

106 

144 

125 

103 

121 

100 

118 

114 

126 

114 

99 

118 

101 

131 

119 

134 

120 

109 

97 































































































Index to Minerals. 


189 


Jargon.134 

Jasper.130 

Jet. 127 

Kaolinite. 145 

Kobellite. 104 

Krennerite. 96 

Labradorite.136 

Laumontite..144 

Lazulite. 119 

Lead, Native. 103 

Lepidolite.137 

Leucite. 135 

Leucopyrite.Ill 

Limonite.112 

Linarite.105 

Linnaeite.108 

Livingstonite.125 

Magnesite.120 

Magnetite.Ill 

Magnolite.110 

Malachite.102 

Mallardite.113 

Manganosite.113 

Marcasite.Ill 

Margarite.141 

Melaconite.101 

Melanochroite.105 

Melanterite...112 

Melonite.109 

Menaccanite. Ill 

Mendipite.105 

Mercury, Native. 110 

Miargyrite . 98 

Microcline. 136- 

Milk} Quartz. 129 

Millerite.108 

Mimetite.106 

Minium.104 

Mirabilite.123 

Molybdenite.124 

Monazite.117 

Muscovite.138 

Nagyagite. 96 

Natrolite.142 

Natron.123 

Nephelite.135 

Niccolite. 108 


Nitratine.123 

Nitre. 123 

Oligoclase . t .136 

Olivenite. 102 

Onofrite. no 

Onyx. 129 

Opal. 130 

Opal, Precious.130 

Opal, Fire.130 

Opal, Wood.130 

Oriental Amethyst.117 

Oriental Emerald.117 

Oriental Ruby.117 

Oriental Topaz.117 

Orpiment.124 

Orthoclase.136 

Ozocerite. 126 

Paragonite.137 

Pectolite.144 

Penninite.140 

Periclasite. 120 

Petalite.132 

Petzite. 96 

Phologopite. 137 

Pinite.145 

Plasma. 129 

Plumbogummite. 105 

Polyargyrite. 98 

Polybasite. 98 

Prase.129 

Precious Opal.130 

Prehnite.145 

Prochlorite.141 

Proustite. 98 

Psilomelane.113 

Pyargyrite. 97 

Pyrite.Ill 

Pyrolusite.113 

Pyromorphite.106 

Pyrophyllite. 143 

Pyrosclerite.141 

Pyrostilpnite. 99 

Pyroxene. 131 

Pyrrhotite. Ill 

Quartz.129 

Quartz, Crystal.. 129 


Quartz, Ferriginous.... 129 





























































































190 


Index to Minerals. 


Quartz, Milky . 
Quartz, Rose .. 
Quartx, Smoky 

Realgar. 

Rhodochrosite. 

Rhodonite. 

Ripidolite. 

Rock Crystal .. 
Rose Quartz... 

Rubicelle. 

Ruby, Balas 
Ruby, Oriental. 
Ruby, Spinel... 

Rutile. 

Salmiak. 

Samarskite 

Saponite . 

Sapphire. 

Sard. 

Sassolite. 

Scheelite. 

Schirmerite 

Sellaite. 

Semiopal. 

Sepiolite. 

Sf rpentine .... 

Siderite. 

Silicifled Wood, 
Silver, Native.. 

Sipylite. 

Smaltite. 

Smithsonite . .. 
Smoky Quartz. 

Sodalite. 

Sphalerite. 

Spinel. 

Spinel Ruby. .. 
Spodumene.... 

Stannite. 

Staurolite. 

Stephanite 
Sternbergite... 

Stibnite. 

Stilbite. 

Stoizite . 

Stromeyerite... 
Strontianite ... 


Sulphur, Native... 

.124 

Sylvanite. 

. 96 

Sylvite. 

.122 

Talc. 

.143 

Tellurite . 

.124 

Tellurium, Native. 

.124 

Tennantite. 

.101 

Tetradymite. 

. 125 

Tetrahedrite. 

.101 

Thompsonite. 

.... 142 

Tiemannite. 

.... 110 

Titanite. 

.140 

Topaz . 

.139 

Topaz, Oriental... 

.117 

Tobernite. 

.115 

Touchstone. 

. 130 

Tourmaline. 

. 139 

Tremolite. 

.132 

Tridymite. 

.130 

Triphylite. 

.113 

Triplite. 

.113 

Tripolite . 

. 130 

Turquois... 

.119 

Ulexite. 

.... 121 

Ultramarine. 

.135 

Uraninite. 

.115 

Valentinite. 

.125 

Vanadinite. 

.106 

Vauquelinite. 

.105 

Vermiculite. 

. 141 

Vesuvianite. 

. 134 

Vivianite. 

.112 

Wavellite. 

. 119 

Wad. 

.113 

Wernerite. 

.135 

Willemite. 

.107 

Witherite. 

.122 

Wolframite. 

112, 115 

Wollastonite. 

.... 131 

Wood Opal. 

.130 

Wood, Silicifled... 

. 130 

Wulfenite. 

.106 

Wurtzite. 

.107 

Xenotime. 

.116 

Yttrocerite. 

.116 

Zaratite. 

.109 

Zinc Bloom. 

... .107 

Zincite. 

.107 

Zinkenite. 

.104 

Zircon. 

.134 

Zoisite. 

. 133 


128 

129 

129 

124 

113 

131 

140 

129 

129 

118 

118 

117 

118 

114 

123 

116 

144 

117 

129 

124 

115 

99 

120 

130 

143 

143 

112 

130 

97 

116 

108 

107 

129 

135 

107 

118 

118 

131 

114 

139 

98 

97 

125 

142 

106 

97 

122 







































































































iUN 17 mi 














































